FREE SOFTWARE,MP3,GAME AND E-BOOK

Tips Menghadapi Siswa Bandel

2011-12-24T21:58:00.000-08:00

Maaf sebelumnya buat teman blogger....tidak aktif..karena aktivitas sehari-hari..
Disini coba berbagi sama teman-teman yang berpropesi guru..
ada 5 Tips menghadapi Siswa yang bandel
1. Jangan Pernah Dendam sama siswa yang bandel
2. Siswa Bandel diberi pengertian bukan dimarahi..
3. Ketika belajar Beri siswa tersebut perhatian lebih
4. Jangan Pernah Kata-kata kasar ke sisiwa bandel
5. Jika kita marah lakukan sponntan.....
sekian dulu dari kita ...

Ketika Bencana itu menjadi laknat.

2010-11-07T15:27:00.000-08:00

Indonesia adalah negara tropis,merupakan negara terletak di garis khatulistiwa. namun indonesia termasuk jalur gunung api di dunia yang paling banyak gunung merapinya..

Bencana yang datang silih berganti, indonesia tiada berhenti menangis begitulah kata punjagga. Kalau boleh kita jujur sebenarnya bencana datang karena ulah kita juga..itu pun sesuai dalam alqur'an Telah terjadi kerusakan di muka bumi tidak lain disebabkan oleh manusia itu sendiri.
Sebenarnya bencana yang turun Allah ke muka bumi. terbagi tiga, Bencana sebagai musibah.Bencana sebagai Peringatan, Bencana sebagai Laknat.,pada umunya bencana yang terjadi di Indonesia adalah Laknat.

Penampakan Mbah marijan

2010-11-06T02:35:00.000-07:00

Sumber: www.Lagibaca.blogspot.com
Mbah marjian Telah meninggal, meninggalkan kesan-kesan mendalam berbagai pihak termasuk dari pihak sido muncul, karena mbah marijan icon produknya...

Setelah mbah marijan meninggal diganti oleh Ponimin..
aneh tapi nyata ketika lagi heboh-heboh beredar berita penampakan mbah marijan yang telah meninggal,secara logika tidak bisa percaya tapi itulah adanya...Namun Mengenai kebenarannya awan mbah marijan itu sendiri belum jelas apakah itu benar-benar foto asli atau hanya foto palsu alias hoax ?tapi yang jelas orang mati tidak akan pernah hidup lagi..jika kita mempercayai mbah marijan itu hidup dengan menampakan wajaanya di gumpalan asap, mari kita pertanyakan Bagaimanakah keimanan kita, saya tidak bermaksud mengatakan tidak beriman,tapi ini masalah aqidah.(Keyakinan) untuk sekadar informasi saya memposting foto

Ketika Manusia lebih mempercayai manusia

2009-11-16T18:45:00.001-08:00

2012 adalah film yang fenomenal saat ini…menjadi Box Office di seluruh Bioskop Dunia. Yang di sutradarai oleh Roland Emmerich. Kalau di pandang dari segi materi Film sangat mengiurkan.,Tapi dari segi Aqidah film merusak karena sudah jelas dalam Alquran mengatakan tidak ada satu pun orang di dunia yang akan terjadi esok.yang jadi masalah mengapa kita lebih mempercayai manusia dari pada penciptanya. Bencana itu bukan hanya terjadi tahun 2012

saja besok,hari ini, atau sebentar lagi. Ada yang aneh dalam film ini katanya film Kiamat tapi kok orang masih hidup..Saya bukannya melarang menonton film 2012 tapi lebih mengingat kan jangan kita disebabkan nonton film 2012 aqidah rusak…

Change Text on XP Start Button

2009-11-15T21:05:00.000-08:00

Step 1 - Modify Explorer.exe File

In order to make the changes, the file explorer.exe located at C:\Windows needs to be edited. Since explorer.exe is a binary file it requires a special editor. For purposes of this article I have used Resource Hacker. Resource HackerTM is a freeware utility to view, modify, rename, add, delete and extract resources in 32bit Windows executables and resource files (*.res). It incorporates an internal resource script compiler and decompiler and works on Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems.

get this from h**p://delphi.icm.edu.pl/ftp/tools/ResHack.zip

The first step is to make a backup copy of the file explorer.exe located at C:\Windows\explorer. Place it in a folder somewhere on your hard drive where it will be safe. Start Resource Hacker and open explorer.exe located at C:\Windows\explorer.exe.

The category we are going to be using is "String Table". Expand it by clicking the plus sign then navigate down to and expand string 37 followed by highlighting 1033. If you are using the Classic Layout rather than the XP Layout, use number 38. The right hand pane will display the stringtable. We’re going to modify item 578, currently showing the word “start” just as it displays on the current Start button.

There is no magic here. Just double click on the word “start” so that it’s highlighted, making sure the quotation marks are not part of the highlight. They need to remain in place, surrounding the new text that you’ll type. Go ahead and type your new entry. In my case I used Click Me!

You’ll notice that after the new text string has been entered the Compile Script button that was grayed out is now active. I won’t get into what’s involved in compiling a script, but suffice it to say it’s going to make this exercise worthwhile. Click Compile Script and then save the altered file using the Save As command on the File Menu. Do not use the Save command – Make sure to use the Save As command and choose a name for the file. Save the newly named file to C:\Windows.

Step 2 – Modify the Registry

!!!make a backup of your registry before making changes!!!

Now that the modified explorer.exe has been created it’s necessary to modify the registry so the file will be recognized when the user logs on to the system. If you don’t know how to access the registry I’m not sure this article is for you, but just in case it’s a temporary memory lapse, go to Start (soon to be something else) Run and type regedit in the Open field. Navigate to:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\ Windows NT\ CurrentVersion\ Winlogon

In the right pane, double click the "Shell" entry to open the Edit String dialog box. In Value data: line, enter the name that was used to save the modified explorer.exe file. Click OK.

Close Registry Editor and either log off the system and log back in, or reboot the entire system if that’s your preference. If all went as planned you should see your
new Start button with the revised text.[/b]
If download file here
Download

2009-11-11T02:15:00.000-08:00

Introduction - OK, this file is intended solely for people who know very little about hacking, and when I say very little I mean very little. Now, for those of you jumping happily around and screaming "Finally, I am gonna be a hacker!” stop jumping around and just sit down, take a few deep breaths, and just relax.

After reading this file you should be able to hack
1 - A WWWBOARD,
2 - FTP/UNIX sites,
3 - Website Tricks, and
4 - Neat stuff/Misc. with much confidence.

Now, on to the disclaimer:
*** I will NOT be held responsible for what you do with this information. ***

NOTE: All commands that are written in this file, with the exception of the John the Ripper commands, like "edit passwd" are for DOS, so if you have UNIX use the VI editor or something of the sort.

OK, now there is no specific table of contents of this file, I am pretty much just going to make it up as I go along. Now, for you advanced hackers out there, I would recommend just leaving this file because you probably won't find much in this file that you don't already know. All right, now that I'm done this stupid raving rant, I can start explaining how to go about learning what you want to learn.
If you download here!! Download Now

SECRETS OF LOCK PICKING

2009-10-30T01:17:00.000-07:00

Well, I'm bringing you this file because I have a scanner and an
OCR package and I like to pick locks. This file is a complete transcription
of the book, Secrets of Lock Picking by Steven Hampton, minus the chapter
on warded locks (These locks are cheap. Use a hammer and a screwdriver).
Before getting on to the subject, I would just like to use this opportunity
to say that you can not just read this file and know how to pick locks

It
does take practice. The good news is that by practicing you will learn how
to open locks. And fast, too. I have heard many people say "It's not like
the movies...it takes time to pick a lock." Well, sometimes thats true, but
I have picked a Sargeant six-pin, high-security tumbler lock in three seconds.
And other similar locks in the the same time frame as well. So I know that
it can be done. But don't worry. Practicing is not boring. There is a
certain thrill present when you pick a lock for the very first time.
Imagine the sensation of knowing that you can get into almost anywhere you
want. Believe me when I tell you that it is very cool.
SECRETS OF LOCK PICKING

By Steven Hampton

Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows

2009-10-28T02:51:00.000-07:00

Windows key + R = Run menu

This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.

Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box

acessability shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

explorer shortcuts

END....... Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console

excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog

internetbrowser

type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it

Windows Xp: Speed Up Your, Speed Up Your Network and Internet Access

2009-08-10T21:24:00.000-07:00

I have a dial up connection and it improve my speeds about 25% in surfing the internet. give it a try. Im IT , only do it if you feel comfortable with changing registry.

Increasing network browsing speed

Does your computer slow down when you browse your local area network and connect to other computers that are sharing data? One of the most common causes of this slowdown is a feature of Windows Explorer that looks for scheduled tasks on remote computers. This effort can take some time on some computers and can really slow down your browsing. The window with which you are browsing the network may appear to freeze momentarily, as the system is waiting for a response from the remote computer.

Windows XP: Speeding Disk Access

Although this problem is a complex one, the solution is very simple. Instead of having to wait for the remote scheduled tasks, which is useless information to anyone who is not a system administrator remotely configuring scheduled tasks, you can disable this feature.

In order to do this, you will have to change the System Registry and delete a reference to a key so that this feature will not be loaded. To do this, follow these steps:

1. Open up the Registry Editor by clicking the Start Menu and selecting Run. Then type regedit in the text box and click the OK button.

2. Once the Registry Editor has loaded, expand the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE key.

3. Next, expand Software and then Microsoft.

4. Locate Windows and expand that as well.

5. You will want to be editing the main system files, so expand CurrentVersion.

6. Because this feature is a feature of the Windows component known as Explorer, expand the Explorer key.

7. Next, you will want to modify the remote computer settings, so expand the RemoteComputer key and then expand the NameSpace key to show all of the features that are enabled when you browse to a remote computer.

8. In the NameSpace folder you will find two entries. One is "{2227A280-3AEA-1069-A2DE-08002B30309D}" which tells Explorer to show printers shared on the remote machine. The other, "{D6277990-4C6A-11CF-8D87-00AA0060F5BF}," tells Explorer to show remote scheduled tasks. This is the one that you should delete. This can be done by right-clicking the name of the key and selecting Delete.

Tip:
If you have no use for viewing remote shared printers and are really only interested in shared files, consider deleting the printers key, "{2227A280-3AEA-1069-A2DE-08002B30309D}", as well. This will also boost your browsing speed.

Once you have deleted the key, you just need to restart and the changes will be in effect. Now your network computer browsing will be without needless delays.

This is well written explanation about bandwidth, very useful info.

2009-06-21T21:53:00.000-07:00

BandWidth Explained

Most hosting companies offer a variety of bandwidth options in their plans. So exactly what is bandwidth as it relates to web hosting? Put simply, bandwidth is the amount of traffic that is allowed to occur between your web site and the rest of the internet. The amount of bandwidth a hosting company can provide is determined by their network connections, both internal to their data center and external to the public internet.

Network Connectivity

The internet, in the most simplest of terms, is a group of millions of computers connected by networks. These connections within the internet can be large or small depending upon the cabling and equipment that is used at a particular internet location. It is the size of each network connection that determines how much bandwidth is available. For example, if you use a DSL connection to connect to the internet, you have 1.54 Mega bits (Mb) of bandwidth. Bandwidth therefore is measured in bits (a single 0 or 1). Bits are grouped in bytes which form words, text, and other information that is transferred between your computer and the internet.

If you have a DSL connection to the internet, you have dedicated bandwidth between your computer and your internet provider. But your internet provider may have thousands of DSL connections to their location. All of these connection aggregate at your internet provider who then has their own dedicated connection to the internet (or multiple connections) which is much larger than your single connection. They must have enough bandwidth to serve your computing needs as well as all of their other customers. So while you have a 1.54Mb connection to your internet provider, your internet provider may have a 255Mb connection to the internet so it can accommodate your needs and up to 166 other users (255/1.54).

Traffic

A very simple analogy to use to understand bandwidth and traffic is to think of highways and cars. Bandwidth is the number of lanes on the highway and traffic is the number of cars on the highway. If you are the only car on a highway, you can travel very quickly. If you are stuck in the middle of rush hour, you may travel very slowly since all of the lanes are being used up.

Traffic is simply the number of bits that are transferred on network connections. It is easiest to understand traffic using examples. One Gigabyte is 2 to the 30th power (1,073,741,824) bytes. One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes. To put this in perspective, it takes one byte to store one character. Imagine 100 file cabinets in a building, each of these cabinets holds 1000 folders. Each folder has 100 papers. Each paper contains 100 characters - A GB is all the characters in the building. An MP3 song is about 4MB, the same song in wav format is about 40MB, a full length movie can be 800MB to 1000MB (1000MB = 1GB).

If you were to transfer this MP3 song from a web site to your computer, you would create 4MB of traffic between the web site you are downloading from and your computer. Depending upon the network connection between the web site and the internet, the transfer may occur very quickly, or it could take time if other people are also downloading files at the same time. If, for example, the web site you download from has a 10MB connection to the internet, and you are the only person accessing that web site to download your MP3, your 4MB file will be the only traffic on that web site. However, if three people are all downloading that same MP at the same time, 12MB (3 x 4MB) of traffic has been created. Because in this example, the host only has 10MB of bandwidth, someone will have to wait. The network equipment at the hosting company will cycle through each person downloading the file and transfer a small portion at a time so each person's file transfer can take place, but the transfer for everyone downloading the file will be slower. If 100 people all came to the site and downloaded the MP3 at the same time, the transfers would be extremely slow. If the host wanted to decrease the time it took to download files simultaneously, it could increase the bandwidth of their internet connection (at a cost due to upgrading equipment).

Hosting Bandwidth

In the example above, we discussed traffic in terms of downloading an MP3 file. However, each time you visit a web site, you are creating traffic, because in order to view that web page on your computer, the web page is first downloaded to your computer (between the web site and you) which is then displayed using your browser software (Internet Explorer, Netscape, etc.) . The page itself is simply a file that creates traffic just like the MP3 file in the example above (however, a web page is usually much smaller than a music file).

A web page may be very small or large depending upon the amount of text and the number and quality of images integrated within the web page. For example, the home page for CNN.com is about 200KB (200 Kilobytes = 200,000 bytes = 1,600,000 bits). This is typically large for a web page. In comparison, Yahoo's home page is about 70KB.

How Much Bandwidth Is Enough?

It depends (don't you hate that answer). But in truth, it does. Since bandwidth is a significant determinant of hosting plan prices, you should take time to determine just how much is right for you. Almost all hosting plans have bandwidth requirements measured in months, so you need to estimate the amount of bandwidth that will be required by your site on a monthly basis

If you do not intend to provide file download capability from your site, the formula for calculating bandwidth is fairly straightforward:

Average Daily Visitors x Average Page Views x Average Page Size x 31 x Fudge Factor

If you intend to allow people to download files from your site, your bandwidth calculation should be:

[(Average Daily Visitors x Average Page Views x Average Page Size) +
(Average Daily File Downloads x Average File Size)] x 31 x Fudge Factor

Let us examine each item in the formula:

Average Daily Visitors - The number of people you expect to visit your site, on average, each day. Depending upon how you market your site, this number could be from 1 to 1,000,000.

Average Page Views - On average, the number of web pages you expect a person to view. If you have 50 web pages in your web site, an average person may only view 5 of those pages each time they visit.

Average Page Size - The average size of your web pages, in Kilobytes (KB). If you have already designed your site, you can calculate this directly.

Average Daily File Downloads - The number of downloads you expect to occur on your site. This is a function of the numbers of visitors and how many times a visitor downloads a file, on average, each day.

Average File Size - Average file size of files that are downloadable from your site. Similar to your web pages, if you already know which files can be downloaded, you can calculate this directly.

Fudge Factor - A number greater than 1. Using 1.5 would be safe, which assumes that your estimate is off by 50%. However, if you were very unsure, you could use 2 or 3 to ensure that your bandwidth requirements are more than met.

Usually, hosting plans offer bandwidth in terms of Gigabytes (GB) per month. This is why our formula takes daily averages and multiplies them by 31.

Summary

Most personal or small business sites will not need more than 1GB of bandwidth per month. If you have a web site that is composed of static web pages and you expect little traffic to your site on a daily basis, go with a low bandwidth plan. If you go over the amount of bandwidth allocated in your plan, your hosting company could charge you over usage fees, so if you think the traffic to your site will be significant, you may want to go through the calculations above to estimate the amount of bandwidth required in a hosting plan.

Caught A Virus?

2009-06-13T02:11:00.000-07:00

Caught A Virus?

If you've let your guard down--or even if you haven't--it can be hard to tell if your PC is infected. Here's what to do if you suspect the worst.

Heard this one before? You must run antivirus software and keep it up to date or else your PC will get infected, you'll lose all your data, and you'll incur the wrath of every e-mail buddy you unknowingly infect because of your carelessness.

You know they're right. Yet for one reason or another, you're not running antivirus software, or you are but it's not up to date. Maybe you turned off your virus scanner because it conflicted with another program. Maybe you got tired of upgrading after you bought Norton Antivirus 2001, 2002, and 2003. Or maybe your annual subscription of virus definitions recently expired, and you've put off renewing.

It happens. It's nothing to be ashamed of. But chances are, either you're infected right now, as we speak, or you will be very soon.

For a few days in late January, the Netsky.p worm was infecting about 2,500 PCs a day. Meanwhile the MySQL bot infected approximately 100 systems a minute (albeit not necessarily desktop PCs). As David Perry, global director of education for security software provider Trend Micro, puts it, "an unprotected [Windows] computer will become owned by a bot within 14 minutes."

Today's viruses, worms, and so-called bots--which turn your PC into a zombie that does the hacker's bidding (such as mass-mailing spam)--aren't going to announce their presence. Real viruses aren't like the ones in Hollywood movies that melt down whole networks in seconds and destroy alien spacecraft. They operate in the background, quietly altering data, stealing private operations, or using your PC for their own illegal ends. This makes them hard to spot if you're not well protected.

Is Your PC "Owned?"

I should start by saying that not every system oddity is due to a virus, worm, or bot. Is your system slowing down? Is your hard drive filling up rapidly? Are programs crashing without warning? These symptoms are more likely caused by Windows, or badly written legitimate programs, rather than malware. After all, people who write malware want to hide their program's presence. People who write commercial software put icons all over your desktop. Who's going to work harder to go unnoticed?

Other indicators that may, in fact, indicate that there's nothing that you need to worry about, include:

* An automated e-mail telling you that you're sending out infected mail. E-mail viruses and worms typically come from faked addresses.
* A frantic note from a friend saying they've been infected, and therefore so have you. This is likely a hoax. It's especially suspicious if the note tells you the virus can't be detected but you can get rid of it by deleting one simple file. Don't be fooled--and don't delete that file.

I'm not saying that you should ignore such warnings. Copy the subject line or a snippet from the body of the e-mail and plug it into your favorite search engine to see if other people have received the same note. A security site may have already pegged it as a hoax.

Sniffing Out an Infection

There are signs that indicate that your PC is actually infected. A lot of network activity coming from your system (when you're not actually using Internet) can be a good indicator that something is amiss. A good software firewall, such as ZoneAlarm, will ask your permission before letting anything leave your PC, and will give you enough information to help you judge if the outgoing data is legitimate. By the way, the firewall that comes with Windows, even the improved version in XP Service Pack 2, lacks this capability.

To put a network status light in your system tray, follow these steps: In Windows XP, choose Start, Control Panel, Network Connections, right-click the network connection you want to monitor, choose Properties, check "Show icon in notification area when connected," and click OK.

If you're interested in being a PC detective, you can sniff around further for malware. By hitting Ctrl-Alt-Delete in Windows, you'll bring up the Task Manager, which will show you the various processes your system is running. Most, if not all, are legit, but if you see a file name that looks suspicious, type it into a search engine and find out what it is.

Want another place to look? In Windows XP, click Start, Run, type "services.msc" in the box, and press Enter. You'll see detailed descriptions of the services Windows is running. Something look weird? Check with your search engine.

Finally, you can do more detective work by selecting Start, Run, and typing "msconfig" in the box. With this tool you not only see the services running, but also the programs that your system is launching at startup. Again, check for anything weird.

If any of these tools won't run--or if your security software won't run--that in itself is a good sign your computer is infected. Some viruses intentionally disable such programs as a way to protect themselves.

What to Do Next

Once you're fairly sure your system is infected, don't panic. There are steps you can take to assess the damage, depending on your current level of protection.

* If you don't have any antivirus software on your system (shame on you), or if the software has stopped working, stay online and go for a free scan at one of several Web sites. There's McAfee FreeScan, Symantec Security Check, and Trend Micro's HouseCall. If one doesn't find anything, try two. In fact, running a free online virus scan is a good way to double-check the work of your own local antivirus program. When you're done, buy or download a real antivirus program.
* If you have antivirus software, but it isn't active, get offline, unplug wires-- whatever it takes to stop your computer from communicating via the Internet. Then, promptly perform a scan with the installed software.
* If nothing seems to be working, do more research on the Web. There are several online virus libraries where you can find out about known viruses. These sites often provide instructions for removing viruses--if manual removal is possible--or a free removal tool if it isn't. Check out GriSOFT's Virus Encyclopedia, Eset's Virus Descriptions, McAffee's Virus Glossary, Symantec's Virus Encyclopedia, or Trend Micro's Virus Encyclopedia.

A Microgram of Prevention

Assuming your system is now clean, you need to make sure it stays that way. Preventing a breach of your computer's security is far more effective than cleaning up the mess afterwards. Start with a good security program, such Trend Micro's PC-Cillin, which you can buy for $50.

Don't want to shell out any money? You can cobble together security through free downloads, such as AVG Anti-Virus Free Edition, ZoneAlarm (a personal firewall), and Ad-Aware SE (an antispyware tool).

Just make sure you keep all security software up to date. The bad guys constantly try out new ways to fool security programs. Any security tool without regular, easy (if not automatic) updates isn't worth your money or your time.

Speaking of updating, the same goes for Windows. Use Windows Update (it's right there on your Start Menu) to make sure you're getting all of the high priority updates. If you run Windows XP, make sure to get the Service Pack 2 update. To find out if you already have it, right-click My Computer, and select Properties. Under the General tab, under System, it should say "Service Pack 2."

Here are a few more pointers for a virus-free life:

* Be careful with e-mail. Set your e-mail software security settings to high. Don't open messages with generic-sounding subjects that don't apply specifically to you from people you don't know. Don't open an attachment unless you're expecting it.
* If you have broadband Internet access, such as DSL or cable, get a router, even if you only have one PC. A router adds an extra layer of protection because your PC is not connecting directly with the Internet.
* Check your Internet ports. These doorways between your computer and the Internet can be open, in which case your PC is very vulnerable; closed, but still somewhat vulnerable; or stealthed (or hidden), which is safest. Visit Gibson Research's Web site and run the free ShieldsUP test to see your ports' status. If some ports show up as closed--or worse yet, open--check your router's documentation to find out how to hide them.

10 Fast and Free Security Enhancements

2009-06-07T20:52:00.000-07:00

Before you spend a dime on security, there are many precautions you can take that will protect you against the most common threats.

1. Check Windows Update and Office Update regularly (_http://office.microsoft.com/productupdates); have your Office CD ready. Windows Me, 2000, and XP users can configure automatic updates. Click on the Automatic Updates tab in the System control panel and choose the appropriate options.

2. Install a personal firewall. Both SyGate (_www.sygate.com) and ZoneAlarm (_www.zonelabs.com) offer free versions.

3. Install a free spyware blocker. Our Editors' Choice ("Spyware," April 22) was SpyBot Search & Destroy (_http://security.kolla.de). SpyBot is also paranoid and ruthless in hunting out tracking cookies.

4. Block pop-up spam messages in Windows NT, 2000, or XP by disabling the Windows Messenger service (this is unrelated to the instant messaging program). Open Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services and you'll see Messenger. Right-click and go to Properties. Set Start-up Type to Disabled and press the Stop button. Bye-bye, spam pop-ups! Any good firewall will also stop them.

5. Use strong passwords and change them periodically. Passwords should have at least seven characters; use letters and numbers and have at least one symbol. A decent example would be f8izKro@l. This will make it much harder for anyone to gain access
to your accounts.

6. If you're using Outlook or Outlook Express, use the current version or one with the Outlook Security Update installed. The update and current versions patch numerous vulnerabilities.

7. Buy antivirus software and keep it up to date. If you're not willing to pay, try Grisoft AVG Free Edition (Grisoft Inc., w*w.grisoft.com). And doublecheck your AV with the free, online-only scanners available at w*w.pandasoftware.com/activescan and _http://housecall.trendmicro.com.

8. If you have a wireless network, turn on the security features: Use MAC filtering, turn off SSID broadcast, and even use WEP with the biggest key you can get. For more, check out our wireless section or see the expanded coverage in Your Unwired World in our next issue.

9. Join a respectable e-mail security list, such as the one found at our own Security Supersite at _http://security.ziffdavis.com, so that you learn about emerging threats quickly and can take proper precautions.

10. Be skeptical of things on the Internet. Don't assume that e-mail "From:" a particular person is actually from that person until you have further reason to believe it's that person. Don't assume that an attachment is what it says it is. Don't give out your password to anyone, even if that person claims to be from "support."

All About Spyware

2009-06-04T10:19:00.000-07:00

What is spy-ware?
Spy-ware is Internet jargon for Advertising Supported software (Ad-ware). It is a way for shareware authors to make money from a product, other than by selling it to the users. There are several large media companies that offer them to place banner ads in their products in exchange for a portion of the revenue from banner sales. This way, you don't have to pay for the software and the developers are still getting paid. If you find the banners annoying, there is usually an option to remove them, by paying the regular licensing fee.

Known spywares
There are thousands out there, new ones are added to the list everyday. But here are a few:
Alexa, Aureate/Radiate, BargainBuddy, ClickTillUWin, Conducent Timesink, Cydoor, Comet Cursor, eZula/KaZaa Toptext, Flashpoint/Flashtrack, Flyswat, Gator, GoHip, Hotbar, ISTbar, Lions Pride Enterprises/Blazing Logic/Trek Blue, Lop (C2Media), Mattel Brodcast, Morpheus, NewDotNet, Realplayer, Songspy, Xupiter, Web3000, WebHancer, Windows Messenger Service.

How to check if a program has spyware?
The is this Little site that keeps a database of programs that are known to install spyware.

Check Here: http://www.spywareguide.com/product_search.php

If you would like to block pop-ups (IE Pop-ups).
There tons of different types out there, but these are the 2 best, i think.

Try: Google Toolbar (http://toolbar.google.com/) This program is Free
Try: AdMuncher (http://www.admuncher.com) This program is Shareware

If you want to remove the "spyware" try these.
Try: Lavasoft Ad-Aware (http://www.lavasoftusa.com/) This program is Free
Info: Ad-aware is a multi spyware removal utility, that scans your memory, registry and hard drives for known spyware components and lets you remove them. The included backup-manager lets you reinstall a backup, offers and multi language support.

Try: Spybot-S&D (http://www.safer-networking.org/) This program is Free
Info: Detects and removes spyware of different kinds (dialers, loggers, trojans, user tracks) from your computer. Blocks ActiveX downloads, tracking cookies and other threats. Over 10,000 detection files and entries. Provides detailed information about found problems.

Try: BPS Spyware and Adware Remover (http://www.bulletproofsoft.com/spyware-remover.html) This program is Shareware
Info: Adware, spyware, trackware and big brotherware removal utility with multi-language support. It scans your memory, registry and drives for known spyware and lets you remove them. Displays a list and lets you select the items you'd like to remove.

Try: Spy Sweeper v2.2 (http://www.webroot.com/wb/products/spysweeper/index.php) This program is Shareware
Info: Detects and removes spyware of different kinds (dialers, loggers, trojans, user tracks) from your computer.
The best scanner out there, and updated all the time.

Try: HijackThis 1.97.7 (http://www.spywareinfo.com/~merijn/downloads.html) This program is Freeware
Info: HijackThis is a tool, that lists all installed browser add-on, buttons, startup items and allows you to inspect them, and optionally remove selected items.

If you would like to prevent "spyware" being install.
Try: SpywareBlaster 2.6.1 (http://www.wilderssecurity.net/spywareblaster.html) This program is Free
Info: SpywareBlaster doesn`t scan and clean for so-called spyware, but prevents it from being installed in the first place. It achieves this by disabling the CLSIDs of popular spyware ActiveX controls, and also prevents the installation of any of them via a webpage.

Try: SpywareGuard 2.2 (http://www.wilderssecurity.net/spywareguard.html) This program is Free
Info: SpywareGuard provides a real-time protection solution against so-called spyware. It works similar to an anti-virus program, by scanning EXE and CAB files on access and alerting you if known spyware is detected.

Try: XP-AntiSpy (http://www.xp-antispy.org/) This program is Free
Info: XP-AntiSpy is a small utility to quickly disable some built-in update and authentication features in WindowsXP that may rise security or privacy concerns in some people.

Try: SpySites (http://camtech2000.net/Pages/SpySites_Prog...ml#SpySitesFree) This program is Free
Info: SpySites allows you to manage the Internet Explorer Restricted Zone settings and easily add entries from a database of 1500+ sites that are known to use advertising tracking methods or attempt to install third party software.

If you would like more Information about "spyware".
Check these sites.
http://www.spychecker.com/
http://www.spywareguide.com/
http://www.cexx.org/adware.htm
http://www.theinfomaniac.net/infomaniac/co...rsSpyware.shtml
http://www.thiefware.com/links/
http://simplythebest.net/info/spyware.html

Usefull tools...
Try: Stop Windows Messenger Spam 1.10 (http://www.jester2k.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/j...r2ksoftware.htm) This program is Free
Info: "Stop Windows Messenger Spam" stops this Service from running and halts the spammers ability to send you these messages.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
All these softwares will help remove and prevent evil spammers and spywares attacking your PC. I myself recommend getting "spyblaster" "s&d spybot" "spy sweeper" & "admuncher" to protect your PC. A weekly scan is also recommended

Free Virus Scan
Scan for spyware, malware and keyloggers in addition to viruses, worms and trojans. New threats and annoyances are created faster than any individual can keep up with.
http://defender.veloz.com// - 15k

from http://www.2020search.com//

Game Capoera

2009-05-17T09:24:00.000-07:00

Sebelum daus minta maaf semua blogger karena udah lama tidak aktfi karena kesibukan diluar.
Game capoera ini cukup menarik kita bisa memainkan 2 player walau gamenya trial tapi untuk menghilang stress... tamplan gambar tiga dimensi.di game kita bisa menukar tempat bermain.
bagi yang pengen download game ini
click disini

Trik Mempercepat Komputer

2009-04-06T07:03:00.000-07:00

Kadang-kadang kita sudah pakai komputer/laptop yang memori dan prosesor tinggi tapi kecepatan masih lambat adapun caranya adalah

1.Klik kanan My Computer Ambil Propertis kemudian ambil tab anvanced dan klik setting

2.Pada Tampilan Perfomance Option Pilih System Cache

3.Kemudian Change kemudian dirubah kecepatan pada kolom initial size dan Maksimun Size
kemudian baru klik set dan OK

dan jangan cari di C *.TMP kemudian dihapus jika tidak bisa di hapus biarkan aja..
selamat mencoba...

Download Ebook Free

2009-04-03T06:18:00.000-07:00

Pengen teman-teman download e-book gratis silakan download dibawah ini dengan syarat tidak menjadikan komersilkan.jangan lupa kirim komentar bro ya? dan daus tidak bertanggung jawab jika disalah gunakan
Belajar jadi hacker
Internet Gratis pakai kaleng
SEO

Merakit Computer
Tips Membobol Pengamanan pakai password
Membuat help
Tips dan trik

Sejarah Mouse

Tips Menangani Grogi Saat Tampil

2009-03-18T00:58:00.000-07:00

Perasaan grogi saat tampil sering kita rasakan pada waktu Tampil Dimuka Umum apalagi baru pertama tampil dimuka umum.Berikut ini cara tips mengatasi grogi:

1.Pahami bahwa perasaan grogi adalah energi positif.
yakin diri bisa tampil dimuka umum pahamilah semua itu dorongan yang meluap dari diri anda
2.Bersikap nothing to loose.
Keinginan kita untuk bersikap sebaik-baiknya mendorong muncul perasaan grogi.Secara Negatif pikiran kita biasanya terbebani oleh ketakutan membuat salah maka hindari rasa takut bersikap Percaya diri

3.Tenangkan diri anda
Atur Nafas Anda kelua nafas lambat-lambat.Keluar Energi yang meletup dalam dada anda,bila perlu Pejamkan Mata Anda

4.Kerahkan energi anda.
Berdirilah tegap berjalan dengan tegap mata menatap kedepan

5.Berbicara dengan Lantang.

bila anda berbicara lambat,maka bibir anda akan semakin gemetar,suara anda pun bergetar keras tapi sopan
6.Diam Sejenak.
Diam disini untuk mengembalikan konsentrasi yang mungkin mulai pudar akibat menghadapi Audienn

7.Lontar humor yang wajar
Humor secara wajar dan sopan agar suasana segar kembali

Mungkin bagi teman mendownload silakan
Download Tips menangani grogi

Album Gua

2009-03-12T01:11:00.000-07:00

Sahabat … ….

Apakah kau tidak merasa,bahwa . . . .

Dibalik senyumku ada rasa yang ku simpan

Rasa yang tidak mampu kuucapakan. . .

Dan tidak mampu ku ungkapkan . . .

Sahabat . . . .

Ku akui tidak mampu mengucapkan

Karna . . . .

Karna aku lemah . . .

Aku tidak ingin pisah darimu

Karna masalah perasaanku ini

Sahabat . . . .

Aku merasa . .

Tidak seharusnya aku begitu . .

Tapi . . . .

Rasa cintaku telah megakar dihatiku
Sahabat aku mencintaimu sepenuh jiwa

Download Anti Virus Ansav Martabak..

2009-03-08T07:20:00.000-07:00

Terlebih dahulu saya minta maaf pada pembuat ansav,bukan maksud ane mengambil hak cipta ansav tapi ingin bagai ansav lebih mengerti untuk orang awam..... terlebih untuk Wong deso kadang-kadang bahasa Indonesia aja susah apalagi bahasa English.....Maka saya mengambil Inisiatif bagaimana Ansav berbahasa daerah biar bisa mengerti untuk semua golongan....maka saya rubah bahasa ansav ke daerah.bagi teman-penasaran silakan .
Dowload sini

atau mau pengen merubah ansav caranya
dowload disini

How to add Yahoo Chat Pingbox to your website

2009-02-24T02:42:00.000-08:00

Yahoo! Messenger Pingbox allows you to have an IM like interface in your blog or any website. Visitors of your site can chat with you real time whenever you are online. Since it becomes a part of your blog it doesn’t require your visitors to install any application. This is very similar to the Google Talk ChatBack Badge from Google that you can use to chat with visitors to your website.

If I am online you will see me as “Available”. All messages sent to me when I am “Available” will be sent real time to my Yahoo! Messenger. On my side I can see from my Yahoo! Messenger all visitors browsing the page:

I can then reply to “Visitor 1” using the YM window above. Pretty cool isn’t it?

To start making your own Pingbox just go to the URL below:

http://ph.messenger.yahoo.com/pingbox/

Login using your own Yahoo! account
then click the “Create Pingbox” button:
Then click the Next button to access the next page where we could get the script. The second page allows you to choose which website to add Pingbox, choose “Code only” if you want to directly paste to your HTML file otherwise choose your type of website.

The next step will be setting the size of the widget, in the example below I chose the recommended 240 X 240 px size. The third box will be the actual code, copy the code only AFTER you choose the size and type of website:

Bermain Paid to Share

2009-02-24T00:46:00.000-08:00

Cara daftar ke ziddu
Salah satu webside menghasilkan uang adalah ziddu member akan dibayar $0.001 untuk setiap file yang di dowload oleh pengunjung.salah satu kelebihan ziddu adalah bisa berbahasa indonesia.adapun caranya sebagai berikut

Bermain Paid to Share
Salah satu webside menghasilkan uang adalah ziddu member akan dibayar $0.001 untuk setiap file yang di dowload oleh pengunjung.salah satu kelebihan ziddu adalah bisa berbahasa indonesia.adapun caranya sebagai berikut:

1 Buka alamat Ziddu.com
Kemudian isi data yang di sediakan

2.kemudian kita cek di email kita untuk melakukan verifikasi

3 Awali dengan klik Browse Kemudian klik Upload

4.Setelah beberapa file di upload kita melakukan sharing file tersebut dengan klik fitur dowload

Dowload Game BUSH SHOOT-OUT

2009-02-12T07:52:00.000-08:00

this game good but we do not save game.this game portable

Merubah Logo Shut Down

2009-01-26T19:38:00.000-08:00

Ingin merubah logo saat windows startup?? Itu tuuh sebelum windows masuk ke desktop.. Atau ingin memunculkan gambar yang asyik? Ngerubah tulisan “it’s now save to turn blablabla…” saat windows di shutdown?? Gampang banget koq..!!! Yee.. itu khan bisa dilakukan dengan bantuan software..!! Emang sich, tapi khan kamu perlu tau bagian mana sich yang diubah oleh sofie-sofie tersebut. Jadi biar kamu nggak asal klak-klik lalu jadi, tapi tau bagaimana prosesnya. Okay, Berikut panduannya..

Carilah file dengan nama logo.sys di komputer anda dengan fasilitas search.

Buka “paint” aplikasi pengolah gambar bawaan windows, nah buka aja logos.sys tadi dengan paint . Nah, file logo.sys itu adalah gambar yang bertuliskan it’s now safe to shutdown your computer” inget kan???
Edit aja sesuka hati, kalo perlu tambahin cliptart kek atau.. apalaah.. setelah itu simpan filenya dengan nama “LOGOS.SYS” pada lokasi yang sama dengan “logo.sys”

Restart komputer anda, nah sekarang file logo.sys yang anda edit tadi bakalan nongol sebagai start up logo di win 98.

FYI, file logo.sys ini tidak bisa menampilkan banyak warna, jadi kadang2 warna yang kita edit kadang2 tidak sesuai dengan keinginan kita waktu keluar saat start up windows.

Tidak cuma startup logo saja bisa dirubah berikut file yang lain:
c:\logo.sys = logo startup
c:\windows\logow.sys = logo “Please wait…..”
c:\windows\logos.sys = logo “it’s safe now to turn of your computer”

selamat mencoba..

WWW.spyrozone.net

Mempercepat Window XP

2009-01-26T18:51:00.000-08:00

Berikut ini beberapa dari Tips untuk mempercepat Windows XP
Sebelum melakukan utak-atik harap meng-Backup registry terlebih dahulu. Karena bila ada sesuatu registry bisa dikembalikan. Berikut cara backup registry:

Cara Back up registry
start>run>regedit>file>export
kasih nama backup .reg anda klik ok
done

Mendisable Service Windows yg tidak diperlukan.
Karena windows ditujukan untuk berbagai user dan tugas, maka windows membuat service yg sebenarnya tidak tidak terlalu diperlukan. Service2 berikut ini seringkali memakan resouce yg tidak sedikit, dengan mendisable (me-non-aktif-kan) maka komputer kita bisa mendapatkan sedikit boost karenanya.

Berikut servicenya
* Alerter
* Clipbook
* Computer Browser
* Distributed Link Tracking Client
* Fast User Switching
* Help and Support - (Jika anda mengunakan windows help, maka langkah ini diskip aja)
* Human Interface Access Devices
* Indexing Service
* IPSEC Services
* Messenger
* Netmeeting Remote Desktop Sharing
* Portable Media Serial Number
* Remote Desktop Help Session Manager
* Remote Procedure Call Locator
* Remote Registry
* Remote Registry Service
* Secondary Logon
* Routing & Remote Access
* Server
* Telnet
* TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper
* Upload Manager
* Universal Plug and Play Device Host
* Wireless Zero Configuration -(Jangan didisable jika anda mengunakan Wireless)
* Workstation

Cara mendisable service diatas:

1. Klik start>Run>ketik “services.msc”
2. Dobel klik service yg hendak diubah
3. Ubah startup type menjadi ‘Disable”

Let's Optimize Our Webpage ...

2009-01-20T07:24:00.000-08:00

Step 1: The first thing we need to do is select a page Title for our website.
The page title should:
Include ONLY our main keywords. The least amount of words you can place in the title,
the more weight Google will give to each of the keywords and the higher you will rank.

When creating your page title, it should not look like this:
Welcome to our website!
It should not even look like this, which does contain our main keywords, but contains an
unnecessary number of words:
weight loss story and weight loss picture and safe weight loss
Although that title isn't horrible and does contain all of your main keywords, you should do a
couple of things to cut down on words used.
This would be a perfect title for your webpage:
Weight Loss Story | Safe Weight Loss Picture
Notice that I've:
Taken out all of the "ands"
Replaced one of the "ands" with a "|" character
Note: This character is located on the keyboard directly above the "enter key".
Combined the keywords "Safe Weight Loss" with "Weight Loss Picture”
Always Combine Your Keyword When Possible to cut down on the total number of words that
are in your title!
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Chapter 2
“How Changing One Single Onpage Optimization
Factor Can Boost Your Rankings By Over 350 Positions!”
Search Engine Optimization MADE EASY 13
By Brad Callen Chapter 2
Search Engine Optimization MADE EASY 14
By Brad Callen Chapter 2
Always Combine Your Keywords In The Page Title!
When Google looks at our title it will see all 3 of our keywords only. Combining keywords to cut
down on the total number of keywords displayed in the title is a great way to boost the strength
of each individual keyword, which will have an immediate impact on your ranking.
Add header tags
Next we'll need to add 1 header tag and place our most important keyword there.
The header tag should be as far towards the top left hand side of the page as possible.
When Google reads a webpage, it views the text from the top left hand side of the page, and
then follows down to the bottom right hand side of the page. So, it's best to place your
header tag on the top left hand or top/middle portion of your page.
You can think of an header tag as a title for whatever content you have on your page. For
example, the header tag of this chapter would have been:
"How changing 1 onpage optimization factor can boost
your rankings by over 350 positions!”
... and the html code used to create this title would look like this:
"How changing 1 onpage optimization factor can boost your rankings by over 350
positions!"
Of course, I would have changed my lesson title to contain my main keyword if I was actually
trying to optimize this page for Google. Also, if possible, it's ideal if you can include ONLY your
main keyword within the h1 header tags.

Weight Loss Story

would be a perfect
header tag.
by By Brad Callen

Using Photoshop shapes

2008-10-19T08:30:00.000-07:00

Adobe Photoshop makes it easy to add shapes to an image: you can draw them using a variety of shape tools, or select from a large assortment of predrawn shapes. You can arrange vector shapes on separate layers for easy modification and overlay effects. In this tutorial, you'll add both background and foreground shapes to an image and create some flair with gradient and layer effects.

1. Open an Image in Photoshop.
Choose File > Open or double-click a thumbnail in the File browser. For this tutorial, you might want to start with an image that has at least two layers. First we'll add shapes to build a more interesting background for the image.

2. Select the rectangle tool.
Select the Rectangle tool from the toolbox. By default, the Shape Layers button in the options bar is selected. Use this option to create a vector shape, which is automatically placed on a new layer. (Adjacent icons in the palette let you create a path or a rasterized shape on the current layer.)

3. Create a rectangle shape.
In the Layers palette, select the bottom layer in your image. Click and drag to create a rectangle covering the right half of the image.The rectangle uses the foreground color by default. To change the color, double-click the layer thumbnail to bring up the color picker and select a new color.

4. Add gradients to a shape.
Now we'll add two more rectangle shapes, this time with gradient effects. Using the Rectangle Shape tool, drag a new rectangle to cover the top left quarter of the image. Click the foreground color swatch and select a new color for this rectangle. Choose Layer > Change Layer Content > Gradient. Leave Gradient at the default selection, Foreground to Transparent. Set Style to Linear and the angle to -50. Repeat these steps to create a second rectangle, this time with an angle of 20.

5. Load custom shapes.
Select the Custom Shape tool in the toolbox. In the options bar, click the down arrow to open the Custom Shape Picker. Click the black triangle to open the palette menu and select All, and then click Append. This loads all of Photoshop's predrawn shapes into the Custom Shapes palette.

6. Draw a custom shape.
Now we'll add a custom shape to the foreground for an overlay effect. Select the top layer of the image, and use the foreground color swatch to select a color for the new shape. Select a custom shape from the Custom Shapes palette. (For our image, we chose the sunburst shape.) Holding down the Shift key to constrain proportions, click and drag in the image to draw the shape.
Since it's a vector shape on its own level, the sunburst is easy to move or resize. Select the layer and then use the Move tool to move the shape, or choose Edit > Free Transform to resize, rotate, flip, or skew it.

7. Fill the custom shape with a pattern.
Next we'll apply one of Photoshop's pattern effects to make our shape more interesting. Select the new shape in the layers palette, and then choose Layer > Change Layer Content > Pattern. Click the pattern in the Pattern Fill dialog box to open the Patterns palette. Click the black triangle to open the palette menu.
The palette menu shows different sets of patterns--Artist Surfaces, Color Paper, Nature Patterns, and so on--that you can add to your basic patterns palette. Select a set, and then click Append. Click a pattern to apply it to the custom shape. To change your shape back to a solid color or to a gradient, choose the Layer > Change Layer Content command again.

8. Add a layer effect to the shape.
To enhance your shape further, you can add layer effects to it. With the shape layer selected, click the Add a Layer Style button. Choose Stroke from the menu. In the Layer Style dialog box, choose settings for the stroke color, width, and position, and then click OK.
Experiment with different blending modes for the layer, such as Hue, Darken, or Multiply, using the mode menu in the Layers palette. To remove a layer effect, select the effect in the Layers palette and drag it to the Delete Layer icon.

________________________________________
From Tutorial photoshop CS

Pulau Cubadak (Jack Fruit island)

2008-09-14T08:47:00.000-07:00

Pulau cubadak is fascinating island.It located at Mandeh resort area with 705 hectrare in width and famous with the name of pulau Pincuran Talu (Pincuran=water fall).This island located at sub district of koto XI Tarusan.This location as in Western of Kampong Mandeh (Mandeh Village).

Pulau cubadk haas amazing natural panorama with clean white shine.The appealing of this island is in the vicinity of area there are several bay,stone and peninsula.So that,for European tourist,this island so-called as “Paridise of the South”.In this island also there are several home stay.The building of home stay was built by natural wood,rattan and the flapond of the house used sago palm leaf (sago).this bussines has been managed professionally as tourism object in international level by italian investor.in additon,in this place also have been available for foreign tourist including traditional restaurant eith any kind of international cuisine.some vessel also available to visitor who come there and home stay of the beach like bungalow style.The facility and other basic facility has been available on the island of jack fruit for example ; home stay like cottage as much as 12 unit,1 unit restaurant and also equipped by drainage,telemmunication facility,radio,and garden.
Pulau cubadak near with corocok Tarusan Island and only has distance about 1,5 km.this area of journey have crowded many people.Especially visitor who come Eurapean,domestic tourist.

Belgium: PhD Positions at Biology Department, K.U.Leuven

2008-09-08T09:55:00.000-07:00

2 PhD Positions are available at the Unit of Molecular Physiology of Plants and Micro-organisms of the University of Leuven (Belgium) for a motivated scientist with an interest in molecular plant physiology, signalling, enzyme structures, computer simulations and bio-molecular modelling.

The positions are targeted at candidates from non-EEA countries. Applications are invited from enthusiastic graduates in Life Sciences with an excellent study track record and excellent English proficiency. We offer a challening research environment and an intense experience leading to a PhD degree.

Beasiswa S1: Undergraduate Scholarships for UCL Students

2008-09-08T09:52:00.001-07:00

Beasiswa S1: Undergraduate Scholarships for UCL Students

University College London (UCL) offers scholarships for UK/EU and international undergraduate students. The application procedure for international students is the same as that for UK/EU students. Full details of how to apply are available from the Applying through UCAS page. It is likely that the British Council office(s) in your country will have information about UCAS.

Competing for a place in a training UCL strong, and you must have a degree of similar level candidate for the United Kingdom. In addition to the international baccalaureate, and we take a number of international titles. You can find more information about the information on the students part of this site. If the qualifications of their country of origin does not satisfy this equivalence, it is possible that you gather all our qualifications entering the base year of death - see the University Preparatory certificate in science and technology and the University Preparatory certificate for Humanity site for more details.
If your education is not conducted in English, you must prove an adequate standard of English. UCL Language Centre offers a range of courses in English, including one year Diploma in English for academic purposes and short courses for the previous session. Their website www. Ucl.ac.uk / Language-Center provides detailed information.

UCL staff regularly participate in activities abroad, to provide information and advice on the study on the UCL. You can learn if their part of the world: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prospective-students/international-students/before-you-apply/overseas-visits.

There are some scholarships available for international students, such as: UCL Global Excellence Scholarships, UCL Faculty Undergraduate Scholarships for Excellence, Ernest Hecht UCL Undergraduate Scholarships in Spanish and Latin American Studies, UCL - United World Colleges Undergraduate Internatuional Outreach Bursaries, etc. For more details information click here

13 Cara Mendulang Uang Dengan Blog Berbahasa Indonesia

2008-09-06T00:45:00.000-07:00

1. Menampilkan Iklan PPC (Pay-Per-Click) Domestik
Saat ini setidaknya sudah ada 4 pelaku bisnis PPC domestik di Indonesia, yaitu KlikSaya.com, KumpulBlogger, PPCIndo dan IndoFad. Dengan menjadi publisher program-program PPC domestik, Anda bisa menampilkan iklan berbahasa Indonesia dan mendapatkan komisi (tentu dalam rupiah) jika iklan tersebut di-klik oleh pengunjung blog Anda. Anda bisa menggunakan link-link dibawah ini jika ingin mendaftar program-program PPC domestik tersebut (jangan khawatir, tidak ada link affiliasi saya di link tersebut).

Klik disini untuk mendaftar KlikSaya.com
Klik disini untuk mendaftar KumpulBlogger
Klik disini untuk mendaftar PPCIndo
Klik disini untuk mendaftar IndoFad

2. Menampilkan Iklan PPC Asing (hanya yang berbasis CPM)
Pilihan kedua adalah menampilkan iklan PPC asing yang berbasis impresi. Dengan menampilkan iklan PPC berbasis impresi di blog Anda (ya, blog berbahasa Indonesia pun bisa), Anda akan mendapatkan komisi berdasarkan jumlah impresi iklan yang dilihat oleh pengunjung Anda (bukan berdasarkan klik pengunjung). Semakin banyak pengunjung blog Anda, tentu semakin besar pula impresi iklan yang Anda dapatkan. Program PPC asing berbasis CPM atau impresi bisa Anda dapatkan informasinya melalui link AdTalks.com ini.

3. Menampilkan Banner Program Affiliasi Asing
Ada banyak sekali program affiliasi yang bisa Anda ikuti. Untuk lebih lengkapnya, silahkan buka link Monetisasi Blog Anda: (3) Program Paid-to-Affiliate. Meskipun bukan cara terbaik, menampilkan banner link affiliasi berukuran 125X125 di bagian Sponsor blog Anda bisa menjadi pilihan monetisasi blog berbahasa Indonesia. Jika pengunjung blog Anda melakukan pembelian melalui banner link affiliasi tersebut, Anda akan mendapatkan sejumlah komisi.

4. Menampilkan Banner Program Affiliasi Domestik
Selain program affiliasi asing, saat ini juga sudah banyak program-program affiliasi domestik yang bisa Anda manfaatkan sebagai sarana monetisasi blog Anda. Dengan cara yang sama - menampilkan banner link affiliasi domestik - Anda memiliki peluang untuk mendulang uang melalui blog Anda. Sejumlah pengelola web hosting lokal memiliki program affiliasi yang bisa Anda ikuti dan promosikan di blog Anda.

5. Menulis Review Produk Affiliasi (dengan text link affiliasi Anda)
Salah satu cara menjalankan program affiliasi (baik asing maupun domestik) yang paling efektif adalah dengan menulis review tentang produk affiliasi yang hendak Anda promosikan di blog Anda. Akan lebih baik lagi jika Anda sudah menggunakan dan merasakan manfaat produk yang Anda promosikan. Program affiliasi Amazon.com dan Commission Junction memiliki banyak sekali produk yang bisa Anda review. Pilih produk yang sesuai dengan niche dan kebutuhan pembaca blog Anda, tulis reviewnya dan jika pembaca blog Anda melakukan pembelian produk yang Anda rekomendasikan, Anda akan mendapatkan sejumlah komisi.

6. Mengikuti Program Paid Review
Program paid review adalah cara lain monetisasi blog berbahasa Indonesia. Seperti namanya, sebagai publisher program ini Anda diminta untuk menulis review produk atau jasa tertentu (dalam bahasa Inggris) dan akan mendapatkan komisi atas review yang Anda tulis di blog Anda. Ya, blog berbahasa Indonesia (untuk beberapa program paid review seperti SponsoredReviews.com, ReviewMe, Blogsvertise, BuyBlogReviews.com) pun bisa mendaftar sebagai publisher program-program paid review. Bahkan jika blog Anda memiliki link ranking, Alexa, Technorati dan PR (Page Rank) yang cukup tinggi, bukan tidak mungkin Anda akan mendapatkan komisi yang cukup besar untuk satu artikel review. Untuk informasi program paid review yang lain silahkan klik Monetisasi Blog Anda: (1) Program Paid-to-Review.

7. Menampilkan Google Adsense for Search
Kendala blog berbahasa Indonesia untuk menampilkan program Google Adsense adalah adanya larangan Terms and Services Adsense untuk menampilkan Unit Ads, Link Ads serta Referral Ads di blog berbahasa selain Inggris. Meskipun demikian, Anda masih bisa menampilkan unit Adsense for Search di blog Anda. Pergunakanlah layanan Google Custom Search Engine (seperti yang ada di blog ini) untuk mendapatkan hasil pencarian sesuai kata kunci dan alamat situs yang Anda inginkan. Silahkan membaca juga Seri Tutorial Panduan Mendaftar Google Adsense.

Klik disini untuk mendaftar Google Adsense.

8. Menjual Text Link Ads
Pilihan monetisasi blog berbahasa Indonesia yang lain adalah dengan menjual link di blog Anda. Dengan menjual link, yang Anda lakukan adalah menyediakan spot text link situs-situs yang ingin beriklan dan sekaligus mendapatkan link back dari blog Anda. Semakin tinggi link ranking, Alexa, Technorati dan PR blog Anda, semakin mahal harga link yang bisa Anda tawarkan. Saat ini banyak program text link ads yang bisa Anda ikuti. Beberapa diantaranya adalah Text-Link-Ads.com, TNX.net, LinkWorth.com dan TextLinkBrokers.com.

9. Menjual Spot Iklan Mandiri
Menjual spot iklan secara langsung kepada mereka yang tertarik memasang iklan di blog Anda adalah pilihan lain monetisasi blog berbahasa Indonesia yang saat ini semakin populer. Meskipun cara seperti ini memerlukan strategi khusus (misalnya bagaimana cara mendapatkan pemasang iklan), namun jika niche blog Anda cukup menarik dengan pengunjung yang cukup banyak, pendapatan iklan mandiri tidak bisa dibilang kecil.

10. Menjual Jasa Keahlian Anda
Jika Anda memiliki keahlian tertentu (misalnya web design, web programming, logo design, copy writing, atau bahkan keahlian-keahlian lain seperti memasak, menulis, menerjemahkan), tidak ada salahnya mempromosikan keahlian Anda melalui blog Anda. Selain sebagai ruang pribadi untuk menuangkan ide dan tulisan, blog Anda juga bisa berperan sebagai sarana public relation yang cukup efektif untuk memperkenalkan keahlian Anda. Jadi silahkan mencari keahlian apa yang kira-kira bisa Anda jual melalui blog Anda.

11. Menjual Produk Digital Karya Anda Sendiri
Saat ini menulis dan membuat e-book bukan lagi sesuatu yang sulit. Jika Anda memiliki keahlian tertentu yang bisa Anda jual, menuliskannya menjadi sebuah e-book dan mempromosikannya melalui blog Anda adalah sebuah pilihan yang brilian. Selain mendapatkan keuntungan penjualan e-book, melalui blog yang sama Anda juga bisa mengembangkan sistem affiliasi sehingga pengunjung blog Anda bisa mempromosikan kembali e-book Anda dengan memberikan imbalan tertentu.

12. Menjual Produk Fisik Karya Anda Sendiri
Selain produk digital berupa e-book, produk-produk fisik (misalnya kaos, cenderamata, kado/gift ulang tahun, bahkan kue ulang tahun) juga bisa Anda promosikan dengan memanfaatkan blog Anda. Jika saat ini Anda telah memiliki bisnis offline, tidak ada salahnya mencoba menjangkau pasar yang lebih luas dengan promosi secara online melalui blog Anda.

13. Menjadi Perantara/Broker Jasa Orang Lain
Menjadi perantara atau broker jasa orang lain juga bisa menjadi pilihan monetisasi blog Anda. Sekedar misal, jika Anda kebetulan tinggal di daerah wisata (Bali atau Yogyakarta misalnya), Anda bisa menawarkan kerjasama dengan biro travel atau hotel-hotel kecil sekelas Melati untuk mempromosikan jasa mereka melalui blog Anda dengan imbalan komisi tertentu. Akan lebih baik lagi apabila niche blog Anda sesuai dengan jasa yang hendak Anda promosikan. Jika pengunjung blog Anda melakukan booking hotel atau jasa biro travel tersebut, Anda mendapatkan komisi dalam jumlah tertentu.

Nah, sebenarnya ada banyak cara monetisasi blog berbahasa Indonesia bukan? Jadi tidak ada alasan untuk berkecil hati dan beralasan bahwa Anda tidak bisa mendulang uang melalui blog Anda hanya karena blog Anda berbahasa Indonesia.

Selamat mencoba! Wish you all the best.

Medhy Aginta Hidayat

Daftar Program Yang Menghasilkan Uang Pada Bulan April 2007

2008-09-04T00:02:00.000-07:00

Successful AdSense Publishers: Radian

Dibandingkan dengan publisher AdSense lain yg diwawancara, Radian mungkin adalah nama yg paling akhir bergabung di komunitas AdSenser Indonesia. Tapi jangan salah, co’ berumur 26 tahun ini justru sudah berkenalan dengan bisnis AdSense sejak tahun 2003 lalu, lebih awal dibandingkan sebagian besar publisher2 lainnya.

Bernama lengkap Hanhan Radian Firmansyah dan bertempat tinggal di Subang, Radian termasuk anggota yg cukup aktif berbagi di forum. Kehadirannya juga cukup menyemarakkan forum, apalagi dengan gambar avatarnya yg aneh2, hehehe. Yah, mungkin itu lah salah satu caranya untuk membuat para publisher AdSense lebih bersemangat untuk bekerja.

Mari kita simak wawancaranya berikut ini.

Seputar Adsense dan Online Earning

Keterangan:

(1) CosaAranda.Com = Q | Radian = A

(2) Beberapa bagian sudah di-edit / disesuaikan ejaan/penulisannya atas persetujuan pihak yg bersangkutan.

(3) Kriteria sukses dapat dilihat di sini.

Q: Sejak kapan menekuni bisnis Adsense?

A: Tahun 2003

Q: Alasan maen Adsense?

A: Pertamanya iseng aja, ternyata iseng-iseng nguntungin juga, akhirnya ketagihan. Alasan setelah ketagihan, aku pengen merubah hidup karena aku dilahirkan dari keluarga pas-pasan.

Q: Apakah langsung sukses? Jika tidak, apa kendala2 yg ada di awal?

A: Tidak langsung sukses… justru aku pertamanya lama banget untuk mendapatkan earningnya. Kira-kira setelah 4-6 bulan (lupa) baru deh dapet $143.83. Jadi kalau gak sabaran, udah aku tinggalin Adsense ini.

Kendalanya dulu aku belum ada temen untuk curhat masalah adsense, kalau sekarang kan enak ada forum adsense-id.com.

Terus waktu itu juga kan aku belum punya komputer sama sekali, belajar komputer aja di warnet termasuk bikin situs apapun langsung diwarnet pake subdomain dan situs gratisan. Jadi bener-bener otodidak banget.

Masalah keuangan juga adalah kendala terbesar, maklum anak kost karena waktu itu masih mahasiswa (lulus 2005). Bahkan aku sempet makan cuma sekali perhari hanya demi warnet!

Q: Penghasilan di bulan pertama?

A: $35.02

Q: Penghasilan per bulan dari Adsense saat ini (kisaran)?

A: 3-4 digit (turun-naik/tergantung mood) ;D

Q: Sumber pendapatan selain Adsense?

A: Clickbooth, Adengage, AdBrite, Affiliate Programs, Banners, etc.

Q: Total penghasilan per bulan dari internet saat ini (kisaran)?

A: 3-4 digit (naik-turun)

Q: Berapa jam / hari (rata2) untuk bisnis internet?

A: Nggak jelas sih berapa jam untuk keperluan bisnis dan berapa jam untuk keperluan yg lain. Kalau ngurus situs sih paling 1-2 jam/hari dan sisanya iseng-iseng browsing aja dan nongkrong di Adsense-ID.com. Jadi kira-kira perhari online 8-12 jam.

Seputar Situs dan Content

Q: Lebih suka mana, blog ato website?

A: Website lah… lebih enak dan bebas mo digimanain juga bentuk dan isinya. Pokoknya lebih interaktif dan fleksibel aja.

Q: Niche-specific ato general? Alasan?

A: Pake spesifik biar jelas targetnya, tapi kadang2 general juga sih. ;D

Q: Jika niche-spesific, apa topik favorit?

A: Dating, mobile, classifieds, proxy, direktori, topsites, etc.

Q: Pendapat tentang HPK?

A: Iya kalo berhasil… tapi kalo ngga? Gigit jari dech! So, aku gak ikut-ikutan kayak gitu ah… Chapee dech….!

Q: Content berasal darimana?

A: Dari mana-mana khususnya dari users submitted.

Q: Pendapat tentang copy-paste content?

A: Ya boleh-boleh aja asal jangan menghilangkan source-nya.

Q: Pendapat tentang artikel2 Private Label Rights sebagai content?

A: No comment.

Q: Yg paling utama dalam content?

A: Yang lagi hot-hotnya dicari orang dan menarik untuk dibaca.

Q: Pentingkah layout/desain situs? Adakah hubungannya dengan pendapatan?

A: Penting banget… simple design is the best but faster loaded is everything! Layout kan berhubungan dengan warna, jadi jelas ada hubungannya dengan pendapatan karena iklan adsense itu sendiri menggunakan variasi warna, jadi kita juga harus pilih warna yang sesuai dan menarik untuk diklik, bukan hanya untuk dilihat. Jangan asal-asalan coz “Colour is Magic!�? Coba buktikan deh!

Q: Mana yg lebih penting, CTR ato CPC?

A: Nggak tahu juga seeh… aku nggak pernah menganalisa dalam-dalam yang penting earning mengalir terus, that’s it!

Q: Jumlah situs saat ini (kisaran)?

A: Yang aktif kurang-lebih 20 situs (yg pake Adsense 10 situs) dan yang sedang disiapkan lebih dari 50 situs (masih no contents, bingung dan malezz ngisinya).

Q: Banyak situs = banyak earning. Setuju? Alasan?

A: Setuju banget… karena secara logika misalnya pendapatan per-situsnya cuma $10/bulan tapi kalo kalikan jumlah situs, berapa tuh?! Dan juga emang itu udah hukum alam di dunia adsense.

Seputar SEO dan Traffic

Q: Sumber trafik, iklan ato search engine?

A: Dari Search Engine 96% dan iklan 4%.

Q: Tehnik promosi melalui iklan yg sering digunakan?

A: Pasang banner.

Q: Tehnik SEO yg sering digunakan?

A: Link Exchange dan unique META Tags. (ini tehnik bukan ya?)

Q: Ya :)

Q: Tool seputar SEO, content, dll, yg digunakan?

A: Notepad, EditPlus dan WS_FTP95_LE (eh… nyambung gak?)

Q: Nggak :)

Q: Pendapat ttg tool2 tsb?

A: Simple but sure.

Lain-lain

Q: Pendapatan dari adsense dibuat apa?

A: Nabung buat nikah (tapi boros terus nih), keperluan sehari-hari, beli rokok (gak ada rokok otak gak jalan), bayar hosting dan domain, bayar telepon plus internet, dll.

Q: Barang/sesuatu paling berkesan yg dibeli dari Adsense dan online earning lainnya?

A: Jam tangan (dipake 24×7/365), belinya pas pertama cairin cek dari Adsense. Biar inget time is money, money is for life, life is for God!

Q: Apa akan seterusnya bermain adsense?

A: Ya iyya laah… selama hayat masih dikandung badan dan sepanjang bendera Adsense berkibar. Why not?

Q: Adsense is death. Pendapat?

A: Mungkin aja suatu saat nanti, makanya kita harus sudah siap dengan cadangan atau alternatif online earning yang lainnya yang menjanjikan. Kan masih banyak tuh. Pokoknya Adsense is the best but Adsense is not everything!

Q: Harapan seputar Adsense?

A: Mudah-mudahan kita bisa mewariskan proyek ini plus earningnya ke anak-cucu kita. Dan mudah-mudahan kita semua selamat di dunia dan akhirat! Amin!

Q: Pesan untuk publisher baru?

A: Adsense bukan mesin uang dan bukan pula bisnis instan, perlu kesabaran dengan usaha dan kerja keras, biar waktu yang akan menentukan hasilnya. Jangan lupa banyak bertanya dan tidak sombong. Pokoknya tongkrongin aja Adsense-id.com sampai mengerti bener dan bener-bener mengerti sesuai dengan kebutuhan aja sehingga nggak perlu semua hal harus dimengerti. Slow but sure…. but faster is better!

Saya rasa, dengan jawaban2 dari rekan Radian yg telah begitu men-detail, tidak perlu lagi ada kata2 penutup di sini. Semuanya berasal dari pengalaman, dan pengalaman itu merupakan guru terbaik yg tidak pernah berbohong. Jadi, mari kita ambil hikmahnya.

Radian dapat dihubungi melalui:

Email — radian [dot] name [at] inbox [dot] com

Website — http://radian.name

Windows Live! ID — radian.name

Yahoo! ID — radian.name

Artikel ini ditulis oleh Cosa Aranda dan pertama kali dipublikasikan pada tanggal 21 January 2007. Artikel ini disponsori oleh LowonganPekerjaan.Net, situs penyedia informasi lowongan kerja terbaru. Artikel bebas untuk didistribusikan ulang untuk keperluan non-komersil selama mencantumkan nama penulis dan sumber artikel serta tidak merubah isi.

2008-07-06T03:37:00.000-07:00

Lake Maninjau

Lake Maninjau is a crater lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located at 0°19′S 100°12′E. It has an area of 99.5 km², being approximately 16 km long and 7 km wide. The average depth is 105 m, with a maximum depth of 165 m.
The natural outlet for excess water is the Batang Antokan river, located on the west side of the lake. Since 1983 this water has been used to generate hydroelectric power for West Sumatra.
Most of the people who live around Lake Maninjau are ethnically Minangkabau. Villages on the shores of the lake include Maninjau and Bayur.
Lake Maninjau is used as a site for paragliding.
from maninjau.blogspot.com

2008-05-27T07:53:00.000-07:00

The traditional historiography or tambo of the Minangkabau tells of the development of the Minangkabau World (alam Minangkabau) and its adat. These stories are derived from an oral history which was transmitted between generations before the Minangkabau had a written language. The first Minangkabau are said to have arrived by ship and landed on Mount Marapi when it was no bigger than the size of an egg, which protruded from a surrounding body of water. After the waters receded the Minangkabau proliferated and dispersed to the slopes and valleys surrounding the volcano, a region called the darek. The darek is comprised of three luhak - Limapuluh Koto, Tanah Datar and Agam. The tambo claims the ship was sailed by a
The village of Pariangan, located on the slopes of Mount Marapi, is in folklore said to be the first Minangkabau village.
The traditional historiography or tambo of the Minangkabau tells of the development of the Minangkabau descendant of Alexander the Great (Iskandar Zulkarnain).[11]
A division in Minangkabau adat into two systems is said to be the result of conflict between two half-brothers Datuk Ketemanggungan and Datuk Perpatih nan Sabatang, who were the leaders who formulated the foundations of Minangkabau adat. The former accepted Adityawarman, a prince from Majapahit, as a king while the latter considered him a minister, and a civil war ensued. The Bodi Caniago system formulated by Datuk Perpatih nan Sabatang is based upon egalitarian principles with all panghulu (clan chiefs) being equal while the Koto Piliang system is more autocratic with there being a hierarchy of panghulu. Each village (nagari) in the darek was an autonomous "republic", and governed independently of the Minangkabau kings using one of the two adat systems. After the darek was settled, new outside settlements were created and ruled using the Koto Piliang system by rajas who were representatives of the king.[11]

13 Cara Membuat Screenshoot Web/Blog

2008-05-09T20:40:00.000-07:00

1. Abduction! 2.019 - Jika Anda pengguna browser firefox (mozilla) sungguh beruntung Anda karena firefox dilengkapi berbagai macam plugins (addon) yang terus dikembangkan dari hari ke hari dan plugin satu ini berupa pembuatan screenshot “Save Page as Image” untuk menggunakannya Anda tinggal menginstal addon firefox “Abduction! 2.019″ restart lalu buka alamat web atau blog yang akan diambil screenshotnya lalu klik kanan atau klik File pada menu browser dan Save Page as Image simpan pada hard drive komputer Anda jadilah sebuah screenshot.
2. Pearl Crescent Page Saver - Pearl merupakan bagian dari extension firefox untuk menyimpan screenshot dari sebuah halaman web dalam bentuk jpg atau png; menyimpan seluruh halaman atau sekedar suatu bagiannya saja dan secara otomatis mengconvert screenshot dalam ukuran yang lebih kecil.
3. Picnik for Firefox - Picnic pun merupakan plugin firefox lainnya untuk pengambilan screenshot hanya saja picnic memiliki keunikan tersendiri yaitu dilengkapi dengan editor gambar secara online. Untuk menggunakannya Anda cukup menginstal, restart dan buka web/blog yang akan diambil screenshotnya klik kanan atau klik Tools pada browser firefox lalu send page to picnic pilih visible page atau full page, tunggu beberapa saat Anda akan dihubungkan pada halaman dimana Anda bisa mengedit screenshot secara online.
4. Screengrab 0.93 - Demikian halnya dengan screengrab ini yang merupakan bagian dari plugin firefox dan memungkinkan Anda untuk menyimpan screenshot web/blog terbuka, seluruh halaman, pilihan atau bingkai tertentu.
Menggunakan Program Aplikasi
5. SnagIt - Program seharga $39.95 ini merupakan salah satu program terbaik untuk membuat screenshot dengan banyak option yang Anda perlukan. Dengan integrasi firefox, Anda dapat menggantikan fungsi PrintScreen pada windows, dan memungkinkan Anda untuk membuat profil-profil untuk berbagai jenis berguna lainnya. Sebelum membeli Anda bisa menggunakan trial versionnya.
6. FastStone Capture - Aplikasi yang cukup mantab untuk mengambil screenshots dengan suatu panel kendali yang “mengambang” seperti juga kemampuan untuk menangkap apapun di layar termasuk jendela, object, layar penuh, daerah-daerah segiempat panjang, dan bahkan memilih daerah-daerah sebuah webpage. Anda bisa langsung membeli product seharga $24.95 ini atau cukup mencoba dahulu trial versionnya selama 30 hari.
7. WebShot - Fungsinya hampir sama dengan Abduction! 2.019 Program aplikasi WebShot ini mengizinkan Anda mengambil screenshots sebagian kecil halaman web atau keseluruhannya. kelebihannya adalah WebShot memiliki menu command yang memungkinkan Anda secara otomatis memproses pengambilan screenshots.
8. Paparazzi - Aplikasi sederhana untuk Mac OS X yang memungkinkan Anda untuk mengambil screenshots dari halaman sebuah web/blog.
9. PrintKey - Menggantikan fungsi PrintScreen dengan lebih banyak fitur. Ada suatu versi berbayar tetapi Anda dapat juga menemukan freewarenya.
10. I4X Screencatcher - Dengan alat ini Anda dapat mengambil screenshots dari window aktif, seluruh layar, atau hanya yang terpilih saja.
11. InstantShot - salah satu program freeware unggulan namun aplikasi freeware ini hanya untuk Mac OS X. Program ini memberi Anda banyak sekali opsi untuk menangkap screenshot, termasuk menangkap sebagian halaman, hotkeys, beberapa bentuk keluaran, penskalaan gambar dan banyak yang lainnya.
Screenshot Berbasis Web
12. WebShotsPro - Jika ingin secara instant membuat screenshot Anda dapat menggunakan layanan web ini dengan cukup memasukan URL web atau blog yang Anda inginkan dan screenshot akan segera ditampilkan. Namun kekurangan dari WebShotsPro ini adalah kurang uptodate mengambil screenshot dari sebuah web atau blog.
13. Thumbalizr - Selain menggunakan extension addon firefox saya sering menggunakan layanan yang satu ini untuk membuat screenshot, tentunya selain mudah, dia bisa mengambil screenshoot sebuah postingan meski memang kadang tidak sepenuhnya lancar dan bekerja namun lumayan untuk mengambil homepage web/blog.
Demikian 13 cara membuat screenshot untuk sebuah web atau blog yang bisa Anda coba. Semoga bermanfaat!
hakimtea.com

Tip

2008-05-09T20:24:00.000-07:00

01001011000111110010010101010101010000011111100000dah gitu aja save as dengan ekstensi .exekalo dah jadi... klik kanan - open... maka komputer anda akan hilang datanya

Belajar Menjadi Hacker

2008-04-27T07:38:00.000-07:00

Hacker dengan keahliannya dapat melihat & memperbaiki kelemahan perangkat lunak di komputer; biasanya kemudian di publikasikan secara terbuka di Internet agar sistem menjadi lebih baik. Sialnya, segelintir manusia berhati jahat menggunakan informasi tersebut untuk kejahatan - mereka biasanya disebut cracker. Pada dasarnya dunia hacker & cracker tidak berbeda dengan dunia seni, disini kita berbicara seni keamanan jaringan Internet.

Saya berharap ilmu keamanan jaringan di tulisan ini digunakan untuk hal-hal yang baik - jadilah Hacker bukan Cracker. Jangan sampai anda terkena karma karena menggunakan ilmu untuk merusak milik orang lain. Apalagi, pada saat ini kebutuhan akan hacker semakin bertambah di Indonesia dengan semakin banyak dotcommers yang ingin IPO di berbagai bursa saham. Nama baik & nilai sebuah dotcom bisa jatuh bahkan menjadi tidak berharga jika dotcom di bobol. Dalam kondisi ini, para hacker di harapkan bisa menjadi konsultan keamanan bagi para dotcommers tersebut - karena SDM pihak kepolisian & aparat keamanan Indonesia amat sangat lemah & menyedihkan di bidang Teknologi Informasi & Internet. Apa boleh buat cybersquad, cyberpatrol swasta barangkali perlu di budayakan untuk survival dotcommers Indonesia di Internet.

Berbagai teknik keamanan jaringan Internet dapat di peroleh secara mudah di Internet antara lain di http://www.sans.org, http://www.rootshell.com, http://www.linuxfirewall.org/, http://www.linuxdoc.org, http://www.cerias.purdue.edu/coast/firewalls/, http://www.redhat.com/mirrors/LDP/HOWTO/. Sebagian dari teknik ini berupa buku-buku yang jumlah-nya beberapa ratus halaman yang dapat di ambil secara cuma-cuma (gratis). Beberapa Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) tentang keamanan jaringan bisa diperoleh di http://www.iss.net/vd/mail.html, http://www.v-one.com/documents/fw-faq.htm. Dan bagi para experimenter beberapa script / program yang sudah jadi dapat diperoleh antara lain di http://bastille-linux.sourceforge.net/, http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/tips/firewall/firewallservice.html.

Bagi pembaca yang ingin memperoleh ilmu tentang jaringan dapat di download secara cuma-cuma dari http://pandu.dhs.org, http://www.bogor.net/idkf/, http://louis.idaman.com/idkf. Beberapa buku berbentuk softcopy yang dapat di ambil gratis dapat di ambil dari http://pandu.dhs.org/Buku-Online/. Kita harus berterima kasih terutama kepada team Pandu yang dimotori oleh I Made Wiryana untuk ini. Pada saat ini, saya tidak terlalu tahu adanya tempat diskusi Indonesia yang aktif membahas teknik-teknik hacking ini - tetapi mungkin bisa sebagian di diskusikan di mailing list lanjut seperti kursus-linux@yahoogroups.com & linux-admin@linux.or.id yang di operasikan oleh Kelompok Pengguna Linux Indonesia (KPLI) http://www.kpli.or.id.

Cara paling sederhana untuk melihat kelemahan sistem adalah dengan cara mencari informasi dari berbagai vendor misalnya di http://www.sans.org/newlook/publications/roadmap.htm#3b tentang kelemahan dari sistem yang mereka buat sendiri. Di samping, memonitoring berbagai mailing list di Internet yang berkaitan dengan keamanan jaringan seperti dalam daftar http://www.sans.org/newlook/publications/roadmap.htm#3e.

Oleh : Onno W. Purbo

selanjutnya

E-Learning

2008-01-21T09:31:00.000-08:00

E-Learning 2.0
In the world of e-learning, the closest thing to a social network is a community of practice, articulated and promoted by people such as Etienne Wenger in the 1990s. According to Wenger, a community of practice is characterized by "a shared domain of interest" where "members interact and learn together" and "develop a shared repertoire of resources."

For the most part, though, what constituted "community" in online learning were artificial and often contrived "discussions" supported by learning management systems [15]. These communities were typically limited to a given group of learners, such as a university class, had a fixed start and end-point, and while substantially better than nothing, rarely approached Wenger's theory.

That's not to say no communities of practice were forming. There were some attempts to foster them, as for example MuniMall, directed toward the municipal governance sector, and PEGGasus, directed toward engineers and geophysicists. Moreover, as commentator Erin Brewer has noted, places on the Internet like Yahoo! Groups have become a locus for community learning activities. But in general, the uptake has been slow, and the support from traditional institutions almost nonexistent.

Educators began to notice something different happening when they began to use tools like wikis and blogs in the classroom a couple of years ago. All of a sudden, instead of discussing pre-assigned topics with their classmates, students found themselves discussing a wide range of topics with peers worldwide. Imagine the astonishment, for example, when, after writing a review of a circus she had viewed, a Grade 5 student received a response from one of the performers [16]. In a very short time, blogs were used for a wide variety of purposes in education; an educational bloggers' network formed and by this year thousands of teachers were encouraging their students to blog.

Blogging is very different from traditionally assigned learning content. It is much less formal. It is written from a personal point of view, in a personal voice. Students' blog posts are often about something from their own range of interests, rather than on a course topic or assigned project. More importantly, what happens when students blog, and read reach others' blogs, is that a network of interactions forms-much like a social network, and much like Wenger's community of practice.

It's not just blogging. Educators have also taken an interest in podcasting. Some have started broadcasting, such as at McMaster, where engineering professors now host an online show [17].

"We're talking to the download generation," said Peter Smith, associate dean, Faculty of Engineering. "Why not have the option to download information about education and careers the same way you can download music? It untethers content from the Web and lets students access us at their convenience." Moreover, using an online service such as Odeo, Blogomatrix Sparks, or even simply off-the-shelf software, students can create their own podcasts.

What happens when online learning ceases to be like a medium, and becomes more like a platform? What happens when online learning software ceases to be a type of content-consumption tool, where learning is "delivered," and becomes more like a content-authoring tool, where learning is created? The model of e-learning as being a type of content, produced by publishers, organized and structured into courses, and consumed by students, is turned on its head. Insofar as there is content, it is used rather than read— and is, in any case, more likely to be produced by students than courseware authors. And insofar as there is structure, it is more likely to resemble a language or a conversation rather than a book or a manual.

The Web

2008-01-21T09:30:00.001-08:00

The Web 2.0
The first sign that something was changing on the Web was the underground popularity of a site called LiveJournal and the very visible surge of interest in a site called Friendster. These sites, which came to be called "social networking sites," were rapidly emulated by such services as Tribe, LinkedIn, Google's Orkut, Flickr, and Yahoo 360. Writers conversant with the works of social network analysts, people like Duncan J. Watts and Mark Buchanan, for example, noticed that similar patterns existed in these online networks [12]. Something was happening here.

What was happening was that major parts of the World Wide Web were acquiring the properties of communications networks, the sorts of networks found to exist (albeit on a much smaller scale) in the physical world. And that the Web itself was being transformed from what was called "the Read Web" to the "Read-Write Web," in accordance with Tim Berners-Lee's original vision. Proponents of this new, evolving Web began calling it Web 2.0 and in short order the trend became a movement.

"Enter Web 2.0, a vision of the Web in which information is broken up into "microcontent" units that can be distributed over dozens of domains. The Web of documents has morphed into a Web of data. We are no longer just looking to the same old sources for information. Now we're looking to a new set of tools to aggregate and remix microcontent in new and useful ways" [13].

In a nutshell, what was happening was that the Web was shifting from being a medium, in which information was transmitted and consumed, into being a platform, in which content was created, shared, remixed, repurposed, and passed along. And what people were doing with the Web was not merely reading books, listening to the radio or watching TV, but having a conversation, with a vocabulary consisting not just of words but of images, video, multimedia and whatever they could get their hands on. And this became, and looked like, and behaved like, a network.

Nowhere is this clearer than in the world of blogging. In a few short years the blog went from a few idiosyncratic Web sites to something used by millions of people empowered by content creation tools such as Blogger and Wordpress. Even more importantly, these blogs were connected to each other through the mechanism of RSS, a simple XML format that allows bloggers to send their content to a network of readers (called 'subscribers').

But it wasn't just blogging. Creating an online community became a snap with tools such as Plone and Drupal. Moreover, using a collaborative writing tool called the wiki Jimmy Wales and a few thousand of his friends created a site called Wikipedia, rendering Encyclopedia Britannica obsolete in the process. Others, using the free audio-recording tool Audacity, began recording their own talk and music; this, when combined with RSS, became podcasting, a rapidly rising phenomena that is transforming what we think about radio.

For all this technology, what is important to recognize is that the emergence of the Web 2.0 is not a technological revolution, it is a social revolution. "Here's my take on it: Web 2.0 is an attitude not a technology. It's about enabling and encouraging participation through open applications and services. By open I mean technically open with appropriate APIs but also, more importantly, socially open, with rights granted to use the content in new and exciting contexts" [14].

E-learning 2.0

2008-01-21T09:24:00.000-08:00

E-learning 2.0
By Stephen Downes, National Research Council of Canada

E-learning as we know it has been around for ten years or so. During that time, it has emerged from being a radical idea—the effectiveness of which was yet to be proven—to something that is widely regarded as mainstream. It's the core to numerous business plans and a service offered by most colleges and universities.

And now, e-learning is evolving with the World Wide Web as a whole and it's changing to a degree significant enough to warrant a new name: E-learning 2.0.

Where We Are Now
Before talking about where e-learning is going, it is worth spending a few words to describe here we are now.

When we think of learning content today, we probably think of a learning object. Originating in the world of computer-based delivery (CBT) systems, learning objects were depicted as being like lego blocks or atoms, little bits of content that could be put together or organized. Standards bodies have refined the concept of learning objects into a rigorous form and have provided specifications on how to sequence and organize these bits of content into courses and package them for delivery as though they were books or training manuals.

Today, e-learning mainly takes the form of online courses. From the resources distributed by MIT's OpenCourseware project to the design of learning materials in Rice's Connexions project to the offerings found from colleges and universities everywhere, the course is the basic unit of organization.

As a consequence, the dominant learning technology employed today is a type of system that organizes and delivers online courses—the learning management system (LMS). This piece of software has become almost ubiquitous in the learning environment; companies such as WebCT, Blackboard, and Desire2Learn have installed products at thousands of universities and colleges and are used by tens of thousands of instructors and students. The learning management system takes learning content and organizes it in a standard way, as a course divided into modules and lessons, supported with quizzes, tests and discussions, and in many systems today, integrated into the college or university's student information system.

In general, where we are now in the online world is where we were before the beginning of e-learning [1]. Traditional theories of distance learning, of (for example) transactional distance, as described by Michael G. Moore, have been adapted for the online world. Content is organized according to this traditional model and delivered either completely online or in conjunction with more traditional seminars, to cohorts of students, led by an instructor, following a specified curriculum to be completed at a predetermined pace

Berburu Dolar

2008-01-04T06:34:00.000-08:00

Mendulang Dollar dengan Google Adsense
Author: adehendra Published: 21st April 2007Category: Internet dan Web, Adsense dan Bisnis di Internet Popularity: 19%
Google Adsense, program affiliasi untuk bisnis internet yang sangat popular di dunia online saat ini. Semua orang bisa berpartisipasi menjadi pengiklan bagi google dengan syarat mudah dan cepat, cukup dengan menempatkan iklan-iklan google di situs mereka. Dengan metode komisi pay per click (PPC), menghasilkan uang dari google metodenya jauh lebih sederhana dan sangat liquid, beda dengan affiilasi lainnya, yang mengharuskan kita menjual sesuatu baru mendapatkan komisi. Google Adsense telah membawa revolusi baru dalam bisnis internet, pogram ini telah menghasilkan jutawan online tanpa harus mencari investor-investor besar seperti yang biasa dilakukan perusahaan-perusahaan dot com dari Silicon valley.
Apa itu Google Adwords dan Google Adsense,
Sebelum mengenal lebih juga tentang Google Adsense, sedikit terlebih dahulu akan diulas Google Adwords yang merupakan cikal bakal kelahiran Google Adsense. Google Adwords adalah program periklanan yang ditawarkan google kepada para pemilik situs yang ingin mempromosikan situsnya, dengan cara menampilkan link situs pengiklan di hasil pencarian untuk kata kunci (keyword) tertentu.
Contoh : jika kita melakukan pencarian di google dengan kata kunci welding misalnya, maka selain hasil pencarian, di bagian seperempat di sebelah kanan akan muncul Sponsored Link / Pesan Sponsor.
Tentu saja, para pemasang iklan akan dikenakan sejumlah biaya tergantung dari kepopuleran kata kunci yang dipilihnya.
Namun Google menyadari, meskipun dia sekarang ini menjadi search engine nomor satu di dunia, tidak semua pengguna internet di dunia yang memakai google sebagai mesin pencari, sehingga iklan di google adwords, belum mampu menjangkau seluruh pengguna internet, oleh karena itu mereka menawarkan kepada pemilik situs untuk memasang iklan google adwords di situs mereka dengan pola bagi hasil yang disebut Google Adsense . Jika ada seseorang yang mengunjung situs peserta adsense dan mengklik iklan yang ada di situs tersebut, maka pemilik situs akan mendapat komisi dari google, metode pembayaran komisi seperti ini biasa disebut dengan nama pay per click (PPC).
Berapa banyak komisi yang Diterima?
Komisi yang didapatkan tergantung iklan yang ditempatkan di situs kita. Google sendiri akan menempatkan iklan sesuai dengan isi/content situs . Harga Pay per click sendiri ditentukan oleh seberapa mahal kata kunci tersebut dihargai oleh pemasang iklan Adwords, misalnya kata kunci welding mungkin cuma dihargai 0.5 dolar per klik, tetapi kata kunci insurance misalnya bisa dihargai hingga 30 dolar per klik. Kata-kata kunci yang bernilai tinggi inilah yang disebut dengan High Paying Keyword (HPK). Situs-situs dengan topik spesifik untuk kata kunci (keyword) tertentu disebut situs niche. (contoh situs niche http://www.welding-engineering.com/ dengan topic welding).
Bayangkan jika kita bisa membuat situs yang dikunjungi 1000 orang per hari , dan asumsikan ada 10% yang mengklik iklan dengan komisi 1 dolar per klik, maka dalam sehari situs itu sudah menghasilkan 100 dolar/hari atau 3000 dolar per bulan. Lumayan kan, jauh lebih tinggi dari gaji fresh graduate. Seandainya punya 10 situs serupa, hitung aja sendiri penghasilannya. Di Indonesia sendiri, sudah ada beberapa orang yang meraih komisi diatas 10.000 dolar per bulan, yang dapat ribuan dolar sudah banyak, apalagi yang cuma ratusan.
Di Amerika sendiri, banyak yang sudah mendapat ratusan ribu bahkan jutaan dolar, seperti situs plentyoffish. com ( perjodohan) atau digg.com ( berita) atau ezinearticles. com, hebatnya rata-rata situs mereka bukan lahir dari perusahaan-perusahaan besar silicon valley ( seperti yahoo, google, etc), tapi dari rumahan, ya dari rumah dengan modal PC yang terkoneksi ke internet.
Bagaimana cara ikutan Program Google Adsense?
Dari keterangan yang saya sebutkan di atas, tentu saja untuk ikut program ini, yang harus kita punya adalah situs untuk meletakkan iklan, kalau berdagang, situs ibarat toko, dan iklan adalah barang dagangannya. Setelah punya situs dengan topik/niche tertentu (e.g. education, consultant, farm, etc), kita bisa apply di google.com/adsense , lakukan registrasi, kemudian google akan mereview situs kita, jika memenuhi syarat dan diterima, google akan memberikan kode-kode html yang bisa kita masukkan di situs kita. Jadi deh… simple kan…?
Eiits… tunggu dulu, bagaimana kalau yang gak ngerti bikin situs… ? .. jangan khawatir, untuk pemula buat aja blog (kalau ini pasti sudah banyak yang ngerti), blog juga bisa dipasangi adsense. Bagi pemula berikut langkah-langkah membuat blog adsense (prosesnya gak lebih dari sejam):
Tentukan topik blog yang akan dibuat ( misal. self development. music, education. etc).
Buat blog di blogger.com, kenapa harus blogger, karena blogger masih punya google, jadi lebih gampang untuk di approve, jka sudah expert bisa pakai yang lain.
Cari artikel tentang topik yang sudah dipilih, ( cari aja google, banyak, bisa diedit, atau langsung copy paste tapi tentu dengan mencantumkan sumbernya), posting artikel di blog 10-15 posting, kemudian baru melamar untuk ikutan program adsense via situs google.com/adsense
Setelah lamaran diterima, kita dikasih account yang isinya macam2, diantaranya report jumlah klik dan komisi yang kita peroleh, disitu juga kode2 html yang tinggal yang tinggal di copy paste ke situs kita. Untuk di blogger caranya gampang banget, tinggal tambahin page element, kemudian klik add html/javascript, copy-kan adsense kode disitu. Jadi deh.
Remark: untuk waktu approval dari google, tergantung situs, bisa langsung approve, atau sehari malah kadang lebih.
Ada beberapa macam type iklan di google, namun yang umum dipakai adalah adsense for content dan adsense for search .
Ibarat jualan, toko sudah jadi, isi toko sudah ada, sekarang apa?… yah tinggal cari pembeli, ini tahap yang agak berat dan butuh waktu. Percuma kita punya toko tanpa ada yang beli. Yang disebut pembeli yaitu pengunjung situs kita, atau di dunia online umum disebut sebagai traffic. Semakin banyak traffic situs kita, berarti semakin tinggi kemungkinan iklan di klik dan semakin banyak komisi yang kita terima.
Nah untuk hal ini, bagaimana cara meningkatkan traffic ke situs kita secara general ada banyak cara untuk mendapatkan traffic, salah satu contohnya adalah mendapatkan traffic gratis dengan search engine. Contoh kembali lagi ke awal, jika kita mengetikkan kata kunci welding di google, ada lebih dari 30 juta hasil pencarian (gambar 1). Mana yang paling mungkin dibuka para pengunjung? ya halaman terdepan dong. Jika situs kita muncul di halaman pertama akan sangat bagus, halaman kedua atau ketiga masih OK-lah, tapi bagaimana jika di halaman 20?… siapa yang mau liat ..
Tentu semua adsenser ingin situs niche-nya akan muncul di halaman awal di hasil pencarian di google, bagaimana agar situs kita muncul di halaman awal?.. caranya adalah dengan Search Engine Optimization (SEO), apa itu SEO, akan saya lanjutkan di artikel berikutnya.DOWNLOAD ARTIKEL LENGKAP (PDF):

Textbooks

2007-12-24T09:03:00.001-08:00

Textbooks Enter the Digital Era

High-Tech options can save money and boost learning

By Alex Kingsbury and Lindsey Galloway

Posted 10/8/06

The basic introductory physics textbook for college students has remained largely the same for the past century, perhaps longer. So why then, wondered Northeastern University student Jason Turgeon, did his freshman physics course require him to buy a brand-new textbook for about $160, even though he'd used one with similar material in high school? Then, one semester, he shared books, found stuff online, and got the cost for all classes that term down to $35, recalls Turgeon, now a senior. That book bill otherwise would have been $500. After hearing other students echo his frustration, Turgeon in January 2005 started textbookrevolution.org, which links visitors to a variety of free college-level, digital textbooks on the Web.

HISTORY. Used books-like these in Georgetown's bookstore-now compete with digital alternatives.

JEFFREY MACMILLAN FOR USN&WR

Textbooks, those all-too-familiar expensive backpack burdens, are no longer dominating the classroom experience as they did for decades. When computers moved into education, textbook publishers started to add digital tools-video clips, interactive lessons, databases-to disks packaged with the books. That drove up prices, and students and professors in response turned to the Internet to look for the best bargains. What they're increasingly finding out now is that-thanks to the accessibility of cyberteaching tools on the Web-maybe they don't need that old-fashioned textbook at all.

Granted, reports of the textbook's complete demise, as Mark Twain might fittingly acknowledge, would be an exaggeration. There are thousands of traditional textbooks published every year, enough to make it a $6.5 billion-a-year business in the 2004-05 academic year, says the National Association of College Stores. But there are good reasons to look beyond that traditional tome. The cost of the average college textbook increased 186 percent between 1986 and 2004, according to a study by the Government Accountability Office. Those costs, according to the GAO, were best explained by the expenses of developing and bundling additional materials like CDs, DVDs, and websites that supplement the traditional pages.

The net result for students is that their book bill now averages about $900 a year and can be even more costly for those enrolled in courses like sciences or art history, which use required reading that is particularly expensive to produce. "Lots of material gets added because the publishers want to serve as many people as possible," says Angelica Stacy, a chemistry professor at the University of California-Berkeley. What's more, she says, "You end up with huge books that you can't get through in a course."

Critics also charge that by bundling disks, workbooks, and website access into a textbook, companies are changing the equation for textbook resellers. "Publishers are doing everything they can to undermine the used-book market," says Ava Hegedus, former national affordable-textbooks coordinator for the student Public Interest Research Groups. Once opened, the bundled resources, like course DVDs, can't be resold.

State to state. So students are turning to the Internet for options. There are, of course, a host of sites for new and used books, from eBay's shopping site, Half.com, to independent outfits like varsitybooks.com and ecampus.com. But despite the ease of use of these sites, their business is only a fraction of the total textbook market. A 2006 report by the NACS found that 23 percent of students buy their books online and of those online sales, a third are from the websites of existing campus bookstores. Seventeen states, such as Virginia and Connecticut, have recently proposed legislation to help curb the rising costs of books, including the requirement that schools post the international barcode number of each of the required texts so that students can comparison-shop online. The new Connecticut law also would require publishers to tell professors what the books cost before the professors assign their students to buy them.

Computer tutor

2007-12-24T08:48:00.000-08:00

nter the Computer Tutor: PCs Can Help Kids Pass No Child Left Behind Tests
By Angie C. Marek

Last summer wasn't supposed to be a cruel season for the third graders at Children's Village Academy in tiny, coastal Kinston, N.C. Their 125-student charter school, where 85 percent of pupils are eligible for free or discounted school lunches, makes sure that all its high-risk students are in classes with only 15 to 20 kids. And parents had been invited to campus for quarterly info sessions on important end-of-grade tests that third graders needed to pass to jump to the next grade. But despite all that, five students didn't get the minimum score on North Carolina's reading test, and they appeared to be destined for a do-over year. "It was heartbreaking," says Cynthia Williams, a curriculum and testing coordinator for the school. "Nothing is more painful than watching students repeat grades."

But teachers at Children's Village had some unique gadgets in their tool kit, and they were determined to see their students pass the test on the third and final try allowed by the state. The quintet came in Monday through Friday for intensive summer school courses-capping each day with a 45-minute session on WebAchiever, a computer program designed to help students meet state reading standards.

"We hadn't used it in the summer session before," says Williams, whose school got hooked into the WebAchiever program in the 2004-2005 school year. The experiment paid off: When the students took the test at the end of the summer, their scores jumped by 15 points on average, and all five were offered seats in the fourth grade. Williams is currently waiting for news about a grant that will allow her to use a similar program with the school's second graders.

These days, stories like Williams's are becoming more common. Although the lion's share of U.S. schools still prepare students for achievement tests using the traditional paper-and-pen approach, some educators around the country are turning to high-tech programs designed to help students succeed in the testing-heavy educational environment created by the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act. Educational behemoths like McGraw Hill have already come on the scene with programs tweaked to reflect the skill set demanded by each state, and Brainchild, the company behind WebAchiever, boasts contracts with schools in Los Angeles, Houston, and every school district in the state of Louisiana. "It's a hot topic, generating tons of interest right now," says Tim Wiley, an analyst with the Boston-based research firm Eduventures. And according to many on-the-ground users, that's not a bad thing.

In a K-12 educational environment that is ever more focused on metrics-based achievement, computers—with their massive processing power and number crunching abilities—can become tireless teaching aides. "These things can basically work for you as a testing administrator, a one-on-one tutor, or just a very well-organized storage space for massive amounts of data on your students," says Jeff Cameron, the brain behind Brainchild.

The versatility computers bring to the classroom is on full display in Wooster, Mass., where several classes of eighth graders are currently testing the Assistment program, a software tool designed by professors at Carnegie Mellon University. The program saves teachers time by administering and automatically scoring quizzes that are similar to Massachusetts's state achievement test. And when kids get tripped up on a problem, the PC breaks a larger problem down into step-by-step questions, trying to tease out exactly where the students got off track. "It's fine-grained analysis," says Ken Koedinger, the program's designer. "It's terribly useful for teachers marking up lesson plans."

For administrators, this kind of computer-generated analysis can offer valuable insight about larger schoolwide achievement trends. "With just a few quick clicks," says Cameron, the president and CEO of Brainchild, "a principal can pull up a report on how different classrooms or categories of students are performing on mock state tests." Since NCLB demands that schools demonstrate high overall achievement as well as progress among key subsets within a school-like a minority group or lower-income students-the data are invaluable.

And teachers don't necessarily feel supplanted by the high-tech gadgetry. Kate Ross, a seventh- and eighth-grade English teacher in Highland, Utah, says she sometimes thinks of the computer as a "teaching assistant," especially when students are looking over computer-generated criticisms of rough drafts of papers. She uses an online essay grader and writing-coach program designed by Newton, Pa.-based Vantage Learning, called MY Access! The program uses the same artificial intelligence software that is used to grade the essay portion of the Graduate Management Admissions Test, known as the GMAT. Says Ross: "It's rewarding, because I can walk computer to computer and really give one-on-one feedback and help to individual kids. I never had time to do that before." Ross says the quality of final papers has improved so much that she now spends five minutes grading each one, compared with her usual 15.

But of course, tech-age testing programs are hardly flawless. Many of the tools look like candy-colored computer games, and kids sometimes approach them with gaming tactics. Koedinger says that some students using the Assistment program ask for hints they don't need so they can speed through the test questions, while other "more macho" kids are loath to ask for assistance. But some see a silver lining in hypercompetitiveness: Ross says she had one student who revised a paper 17 times trying to get a perfect score. And since students can log onto MY Access! from their home computers, sometimes the thrill of the game inspires them-and their wordsmithing, eager-to-help parents-to fiddle with papers in their off hours.

Still, it's hardly clear that the fleet of No-Child-Left-Behind-inspired learning programs will be the next big thing in classrooms everywhere. Wiley says a shortage of Web-ready computers in the K-12 environment-there are roughly seven students for every Internet-enabled school computer in the United States-limits the adoption of online test-prep tools and keeps schools that have them from giving all students meaningful doses of their turbocharged tutoring. And many school districts can't afford the programs: WebAchiever, for instance, sells subscriptions to schools for $7,500 per year per school, regardless of the number of students logging in. But with some states like Maine and Virginia already moving to online testing models, where students actually take their achievement tests on PCs, some say the time to start getting kids oriented to the new math is now. Even if they're only trying to make it to the fourth grade.

E Learning Komunity

2007-12-24T08:40:00.000-08:00

wo big lawsuits roil the E-Learning community

By Kenneth Terrell

Posted 10/8/06

Most people accept that the Internet is a bit of a new frontier, a Wild West where tech pioneers often settle new territory before the sheriff has a chance to arrive. Such is the case with E-learning, where prominent, ongoing legal battles could have a profound effect on two industry titans and, perhaps, on the students who use their services.

SUED. The education giant has to defend its recruiting practices.

JEFFREY MACMILLAN FOR USN&WR

In July, Blackboard-the company responsible for the software many institutions use to manage their online education courses-announced that it had been awarded a U.S. patent for E-learning technology. The same day, the company filed a patent-infringement suit against Desire2Learn, one of its primary competitors. For the first time on a major level, the potential conflicts of E-learning's two main influences clashed, the freedom-of-ideas model of higher education facing off against the intellectual property practices of the tech industry.

Patent progress. "I think students should get used to whatever they have now because they're not likely to see big improvements," says Michael Feldstein, a critic of the patent who has covered the issue on his e-Literate blog (mfeldstein.com) and also works as assistant director for the State University of New York's online learning network. "I don't see a way forward for the progress of E-learning technology until we resolve this patent issue."

The two sides are scheduled to meet with the courts in December, according to the attorney for Blackboard. That company, which already controls about 60 percent of the market for these learning management systems, maintains that most students and faculty won't be affected by the legal battle. "This is no different from the many, many other E-learning patents that are out there," says Matthew Small, Blackboard's lawyer. "It has no negative impact on learning."

Meanwhile, the for-profit University of Phoenix is being sued by two former recruiters, who allege that the school offered bonuses based on the number of students they enrolled, charges Phoenix denies. Such awards are prohibited by federal law to discourage recruiters from signing up people who might not be academically qualified. The case, originally filed in 2003, has bounced around the legal system. Last month, a federal appeals court panel denied the University of Phoenix's attempts to have the case dismissed. The next step is unsettled, with options ranging from a jury trial to a U.S. Supreme Court hearing.

Neither of these cases is likely to have an immediate impact on enrolled students. But they both show that we're still writing the book on E-learning.

This story appears in the October 16, 2006 print edition of U.S. News & World Report.

2007-12-24T08:23:00.000-08:00

E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used.

Typical Managed Learning Environment with a navigation menu and icons giving access to automated tools and content pages.

In higher education especially, the increasing tendency is to create a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) (which is sometimes combined with a Management Information System (MIS) to create a Managed Learning Environment) in which all aspects of a course are handled through a consistent user interface standard throughout the institution. A growing number of physical universities, as well as newer online-only colleges, have begun to offer a select set of academic degree and certificate programs via the Internet at a wide range of levels and in a wide range of disciplines. While some programs require students to attend some campus classes or orientations, many are delivered completely online. In addition, several universities offer online student support services, such as online advising and registration, e-counselling, online textbook purchase, student governments and student newspapers.

e-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training.

Services

E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move toward blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations.

[edit] Goals of e-learning

E-Learning lessons are generally designed to guide students through information or to help students perform in specific tasks. Information based e-Learning content communicates information to the student. Examples include content that distributes the history or facts related to a service, company, or product. In information-based content, there is no specific skill to be learned. In performance-based content, the lessons build off of a procedural skill in which the student is expected to increase proficiency.

Computer-based learning

Computer Based Learning, sometimes abbreviated CBL, refers to the use of computers as a key component of the educational environment. While this can refer to the use of computers in a classroom, the term more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers are used for teaching purposes. The concept is generally seen as being distinct from the use of computers in ways where learning is at least a peripheral element of the experience (e.g. computer games and web browsing).

Computer-based training

This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007)

Computer-based training (CBT) services are where a student learns by executing special training programs on a computer relating to their occupation. CBT is especially effective for training people to use computer applications because the CBT program can be integrated with the applications so that students can practice using the application as they learn. Historically, CBTs growth has been hampered by the enormous resources required: human resources to create a CBT program, and hardware resources needed to run it. However, the increase in PC computing power, and especially the growing prevalence of computers equipped with CD-ROMs, is making CBT a more viable option for corporations and individuals alike. Many PC applications now come with some modest form of CBT, often called a tutorial. Web-based training (WBT) is a type of training that is similar to CBT; however, it is delivered over the Internet using a web browser. Web-based training frequently includes interactive methods, such as bulletin boards, chat rooms, instant messaging, videoconferencing, and discussion threads. WBT is usually a self-paced learning medium though some systems allow for online testing and evaluation at specific times.

Pedagogical elements

Pedagogical elements are an attempt to define structures or units of educational material. For example, this could be a lesson, an assignment, a multiple choice question, a quiz, a discussion group or a case study. These units should be format independent, so although it may be implemented in any of the following methods, pedagogical structures would not include a textbook, a web page, a video conference or an iPod video.

When beginning to create eLearning content, the pedagogical approaches need to be evaluated. Simple pedagogical approaches make it easy to create content, but lack flexibility, richness and downstream functionality. On the other hand, complex pedagogical approaches can be difficult to set up and slow to develop, though they have the potential to provide more engaging learning experiences for students. Somewhere between these extremes is an ideal pedagogy that allows a particular educator to effectively create educational materials while simultaneously providing the most engaging educational experiences for students.

Pedagogical approaches or perspectives

It is possible to use various pedagogical approaches for eLearning which includes:

instructional design - the traditional pedagogy of instruction which is curriculum focused, and is developed by a centralized educating group or a single teacher.

social-constructivist - this pedagogy is particularly well afforded by the use of discussion forums, blogs, wiki and on-line collaborative activities. It is a collaborative approach that opens educational content creation to a wider group including the students themselves.

Laurillard's Conversational Model^[4] is also particularly relevant to eLearning, and Gilly Salmon's Five-Stage Model is a pedagogical approach to the use of discussion boards ^[5].

Cognitive perspective focuses on the cognitive processes involved in learning as well as how the brain works.^[6]

Emotional perspective focuses on the emotional aspects of learning, like motivation, engagement, fun, etc.^[7]

Behavioural perspective focuses on the skills and behavioural outcomes of the learning process. Role-playing and application to on-the-job settings.^[8]

Contextual perspective focuses on the environmental and social aspects which can stimulate learning. Interaction with other people, collaborative discovery and the importance of peer support as well as pressure.^[9]

Reusability, standards and learning objects

Much effort has been put into the technical reuse of electronically-based teaching materials and in particular creating or re-using Learning Objects. These are self contained units that are properly tagged with keywords, or other metadata, and often stored in an XML file format. Creating a course requires putting together a sequence of learning objects. There are both proprietary and open, non-commercial and commercial, peer-reviewed repositories of learning objects such as the Merlot repository.

A common standard format for e-learning content is SCORM whilst other specifications allow for the transporting of "learning objects" (Schools Interoperability Framework) or categorizing meta-data (LOM).

These standards themselves are early in the maturity process the oldest being 8 years old. They are also relatively vertical specific: SIF is primarily pK-12, LOM is primarily Corp, Military and Higher Ed, and SCORM is primarily Military and Corp with some Higher Ed. PESC- the Post-Secondary Education Standards Council- is also making headway in developing standards and learning objects for the Higher Ed space, while SIF is beginning to seriously turn towards Instructional and Curriculum learning objects.

In the US pK12 space there are a host of content standards that are critical as well- the NCES data standards are a prime example. Each state government's content standards and achievement benchmarks are critical metadata for linking e-learning objects in that space.

Communication technologies used in e-learning

Communication technologies are generally categorized as asynchronous or synchronous. Asynchronous activities use technologies such as blogs, wikis, and discussion boards. The idea here is that participants may engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the dependency of other participants involvement at the same time. Electronic mail (Email) is also asynchronous in that mail can be sent or received without having both the participants’ involvement at the same time.

Synchronous activities involve the exchange of ideas and information with one or more participants during the same period of time. A face to face discussion is an example of synchronous communications. Synchronous activities occur with all participants joining in at once, as with an online chat session or a virtual classroom or meeting.

Virtual classrooms and meetings can often use a mix of communication technologies.

E-Learning 2.0

The term eLearning 2.0 has been used to refer to the use of social software such as blogs and wikis.

All or part of this article may be confusing or unclear.
Please help clarify the article. Suggestions may be on the talk page. (February 2007)

In many models, the writing community and the communication channels relate with the E-learning and the M-learning communities. Both the communities provide a general overview of the basic learning models and the activities required for the participants to join the learning sessions across the virtual classroom or even across standard classrooms enabled by technology. Many activities, essential for the learners in these environments, require frequent chat sessions in the form of virtual classrooms and/or blog meetings.

Second Life has recently become one of the cutting-edge virtual classrooms for major colleges and universities, including Princeton, Rice University, University of Derby (UK), Vassar, the University of Plymouth (UK) and the Open University (UK),^[10]. In 2007 Second Life started to be used for foreign language tuition ^[11]. Both Second Life and real life language educators have begun to use the virtual world for language tuition. English (as a foreign language) has gained a presence through several schools, including the British Council, which has focused on the Teen Grid. Spain’s language and cultural institute “Instituto Cervantes” has an island on Second Life. A list of educational projects (including some language schools) in Second Life can be found on the SimTeach site.

The various blogs that are being used for providing writing approaches are gaining popularity.

Computer-aided assessment and learning design

Computer-aided Assessment (also but less commonly referred to as E-assessment), ranging from automated multiple-choice tests to more sophisticated systems is becoming increasingly common. With some systems, feedback can be geared towards a student's specific mistakes or the computer can navigate the student through a series of questions adapting to what the student appears to have learned or not learned. Most software for this is still very primitive however.

The term learning design has sometimes come to refer to the type of activity enabled by software such as the open-source system LAMS^{[citation needed]} which supports sequences of activities that can be both adaptive and collaborative. The IMS Learning Design specification is intended as a standard format for learning designs, and IMS LD Level A is supported in LAMS V2.

E-learning software platforms

how make instal your computer

2007-12-09T21:12:00.000-08:00

Table of Contents
Introduction Thinking About Securing Your Home Computer Things You Ought To Know What Should I Do To Secure My Home Computer?Task 1 - Install and Use Anti-Virus ProgramsTask 2 - Keep Your System PatchedTask 3 - Use Care When Reading Email with AttachmentsTask 4 - Install and Use a Firewall ProgramTask 5 - Make Backups of Important Files and FoldersTask 6 - Use Strong PasswordsTask 7 - Use Care When Downloading and Installing ProgramsTask 8 - Install and Use a Hardware FirewallTask 9 - Install and Use a File Encryption Program and Access Controls Summary Additional Resources Acknowledgements PDF (printable) version
Checklists/Worksheets for Tasks 1-9 Examples (opens in a new window) - Introduction - Operating an Anti-Virus Program - Installing Patches - Operating a Firewall Program - Adjusting Access Control Lists -->
Glossary (opens in a new window)Author Biography
Introduction

Property has its duties as well as its rights. — Thomas Drummond (1797-1840)
Your home computer is a popular target for intruders. Why? Because intruders want what you’ve stored there. They look for credit card numbers, bank account information, and anything else they can find. By stealing that information, intruders can use your money to buy themselves goods and services.
But it’s not just money-related information they’re after. Intruders also want your computer’s resources, meaning your hard disk space, your fast processor, and your Internet connection. They use these resources to attack other computers on the Internet. In fact, the more computers an intruder uses, the harder it is for law enforcement to figure out where the attack is really coming from. If intruders can’t be found, they can’t be stopped, and they can’t be prosecuted.
Why are intruders paying attention to home computers? Home computers are typically not very secure and are easy to break into. When combined with high-speed Internet connections that are always turned on, intruders can quickly find and then attack home computers. While intruders also attack home computers connected to the Internet through dial-in connections, high-speed connections (cable modems and DSL modems) are a favorite target.
No matter how a home computer is connected to the Internet, intruders’ attacks are often successful. Many home computer owners don’t realize that they need to pay attention to computer security. In the same way that you are responsible for having insurance when you drive a car, you need to also be responsible for your home computer’s security. This document explains how some parts of the Internet work and then describes tasks you can do to improve the security of your home computer system. The goal is to keep intruders and their programs off your computer.
How do intruders break into your computer? In some cases, they send you email with a virus. Reading that email activates the virus, creating an opening that intruders use to enter or access your computer. In other cases, they take advantage of a flaw or weakness in one of your computer’s programs – a vulnerability – to gain access.
Once they’re on your computer, they often install new programs that let them continue to use your computer – even after you plug the holes they used to get onto your computer in the first place. These backdoors are usually cleverly disguised so that they blend in with the other programs running on your computer.
The next section discusses concepts you need to know, especially trust. The main part of this document explains the specific issues that need your attention. There are examples of how to do some of these tasks to secure a Microsoft Windows 2000-based computer. We also provide checklists you can use to record information about the steps you have taken to secure your computer. Finally, a glossary defines many of the technical terms used in this document. Unless otherwise stated in the glossary, the definitions come from the Webopedia Online Dictionary for Computer and Internet Terms
Whether your computer runs Microsoft® Windows®, Apple’s Mac OS, LINUX, or something else, the issues are the same and will remain so as new versions of your system are released. The key is to understand the security-related problems that you need to think about and solve.
Thinking About Securing Your Home Computer
Before diving into the tasks you need to do to secure your home computer, let’s first think about the problem by relating it to something you already know how to do. In this way, you can apply your experience to this new area.
So, think of your computer as you would your house, your apartment, or your condo. What do you know about how that living space works, what do you routinely do to keep it secure, and what have you installed to improve its security? (We’ll use this “computer-is-like-a-house-and-the-things-in-it” analogy throughout, departing only a few times to make a point.)
For example, you know that if you have a loud conversation, folks outside your space can probably hear you. You also routinely lock the doors and close the windows when you leave, and you don’t give the keys to just anyone. Some of you may install a security system to complement your practices. All of these are part of living in your home.
Let’s now apply similar thinking to your home computer. Email, instant messaging, and most web traffic go across the Internet in the clear; that is, anyone who can capture that information can read it. These are things you ought to know. You should always select and use strong passwords and exercise due care when reading all email, especially the unsolicited variety. These are things you ought to do. Finally, you can add a firewall, an anti-virus program, patches, and file encryption to improve the level of security on your home computer, and we’ll call these things you ought to install.
The rest of this document describes the things you ought to know, do, and install to improve the security of your home computer.
Things You Ought To Know

Knowledge is power — Nam et ipsa scientia potestas est — Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
One starting point for solving home computer security problems is being aware of how the Internet and some of its technologies work. If you know how they work, you can evaluate solutions to the problems that come up. You can also use the Internet more safely and responsibly. In this section, we’ll talk about two topics: trust and information in the clear as it crosses the Internet.
TrustHuman beings are trusting by nature. We trust much of what we hear on the radio, see on television, and read in the newspaper. We trust the labels on packages. We trust the mail we receive. We trust our parents, our partner or spouse, and our children. We trust our co-workers. In fact, those who don’t trust much are thought to be cynical. Their opinions may be all too quickly ignored or dismissed.
The Internet was built on trust.1 Back in the mid 1960s, computers were very expensive and slow by today’s standards, but still quite useful. To share the expensive and scarce computers installed around the country, the U.S. government funded a research project to connect these computers together so that other researchers could use them remotely. This project was called the ARPAnet, named after the government research agency – ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency – that funded and managed the project.
Key to the ARPAnet was the level of trust placed in its users; there was little thought given to malicious activity. Computers communicated using a straightforward scheme that relied on everybody playing by the rules. The idea was to make sharing ideas and resources easy and as efficient as the technology of the day provided. This philosophy of trust colors many of the practices, procedures, and technologies that are still in place today.
Only within the last few years, when Internet commerce (known as e-commerce) began to spread, it has become inadequate to rely principally on trust. Since the days of the ARPAnet, we’ve changed the way we use computer networks while others have changed the underlying technologies, all in an attempt to improve the security of the Internet and the trust we place on it.
Let’s dig deeper into two examples of what we trust in our daily lives. When you receive mail through the post office, many envelopes and the letters in them contain the sender’s address. Have you ever wondered if those addresses were valid; that is, do they match the address of the person or persons who really sent them? While you could check to see that those addresses are valid and refer to the person they name, it’s not an easy task.
How would you go about it? Would you call the phone number provided with the letter? That number could also be invalid, and the person that answers the phone could be as misleading as the original address. Perhaps you could call directory assistance or the police department that has jurisdiction over the town where the letter was supposedly from. They might be helpful, but that is likely to take lots of time. Most people wouldn’t bother.
And it’s not just return addresses either. How about advertisements, news stories, or the information printed on groceries? Suppose you were on a low-fat diet. You’d want to buy foods low in fat. To select the right foods, you’d read the product label at the grocery store. How do you know that the label information is valid? What’s to say it’s not forged? And how would you know?
The Internet has many of the same issues, and email is one of the best examples. In an email message, an intruder can easily fabricate where the came from. But this information forging – called spoofing by intruders and security professionals – is not limited to just email. In fact, the basic unit of information transferred on the Internet – called a packet – can also be easily forged or spoofed.
What does this mean and why should you care? It means that any information you receive from some other computer on the Internet should not be trusted automatically and unconditionally. When you trust an email message that turns out to have a harmful virus attached to it, your computer can be infected, your files destroyed, and your work lost. And that’s why you should care.
This is how the Internet works. It was built on trust. Over time, there have been technological changes that are worthy of a higher level of our trust than before. Nonetheless, a true sense of insecurity is better than a false sense of security. So, think about the information you trust. Be critical and cautious.
Information in the ClearWhen you have a conversation with someone in your living space, everybody within earshot can hear the words and probably understand them. If your conversation is especially loud and your windows open, even passersby can hear. If you want privacy, you and your conversation partner need to go to another room and close the doors and windows.
The Internet works much the same way, except the room is much, much bigger. When you send email, browse a web site, or chat online with someone, the conversation between you and that person does not go directly from your computer to his or her computer. Instead, it goes from your computer to another computer to still another computer and so on, eventually reaching his or her computer. Think of all of these computers as an Internet “room.”
Anyone, or, more accurately, any program, in that Internet room that can hear that conversation can also probably understand it. Why? Because just like the conversation at home, most Internet conversations are in the clear, meaning that the information exchanged between computer systems is not concealed or hidden in any way.
Again, this is how the Internet works. You need to know that the information sent across the Internet may be at risk of others listening in, capturing what you send, and using it for their own benefit.
Later, we’ll talk about encryption as a way to address this problem. Encryption uses mathematics to conceal information. There are many programs you can install to encrypt the information you send across the Internet.
1 Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon. ISBN: 0684832674. Read a review.
What Should I Do To Secure My Home Computer?

As your baby progresses from one milestone to the next, remember that he doesn’t really leave any of them behind. In order to grow and develop to his full potential he must continually build on and strengthen all of the steps that have gone before. — Stanley I. Greenspan (20th century)
Securing your home computer is not a trivial task. There are many topics to consider and many steps to follow. They take time to learn and do. If you can, read this entire document before you begin to secure your computer. You’ll have a better understanding of the effort and all its facets. This ought to help you when you begin to tackle the tasks described here.
In the next part of this document, we describe two types of activities. Some you can do using the programs that came with your computer: working with passwords and email attachments, running programs, and backing up your work. For other activities, you might need to obtain some specialized programs: applying patches, and running anti-virus, firewall, and file encryption programs. Though some vendors’ products provide these features, we’ll assume your computer doesn’t have any of them so you’ll need to add all of them.
Here then is the list of tasks you need to do to secure your home computer. Their order is based on how intruders attack computers, beginning with the most-often used attack methods. By starting with the lower numbered tasks, you address the biggest problems you face in securing your home computer. Remember that most sections end with a reference to a web site that you can use to find an example of how to do the task on a Microsoft Windows 2000 computer.
Task 1 - Install and Use Anti-Virus Programs
If someone rang your doorbell and wanted to come into your living space to sell you something or to use your telephone, you’d need to make a decision whether or not to let them in. If they were a neighbor or someone you knew, you’d probably let them in. If you didn’t know them but believed their story and found them to be otherwise acceptable, say they were neat and clean and not threatening, you’d probably also let them in, but you’d watch them closely while they were in your space.
What are you doing here? You are profiling this person and then deciding what to do based on that profile. It’s your responsibility to be concerned about who enters your living space. Further, if you have children, you’ve probably also taught them how to deal with strangers who come to your door.
Anti-virus programs work much the same way. These programs look at the contents of each file, searching for specific patterns that match a profile – called a virus signature – of something known to be harmful. For each file that matches a signature, the anti-virus program typically provides several options on how to respond, such as removing the offending patterns or destroying the file.
To understand how anti-virus programs work, think about scam artists – people who visit your home to try to get you to buy a phony product or service, or to let them in. Once inside, they may try to steal your valuables or try to harm you in some way.
There are a variety of ways you might find out about a specific scam artist lurking in your neighborhood. Perhaps you see a television report or read a newspaper article about them. They might include pictures and excerpts of the story the scam artist uses to scam their victims. The news report gives you a profile of someone you need to be on the lookout for. You watch for that person until either the story fades away or you hear that they’ve been caught.
Anti-virus programs work much the same way. When the anti-virus program vendors learn about a new virus, they provide an updated set of virus signatures that include that new one. Through features provided by the updated anti-virus program, your home computer also automatically learns of this new virus and begins checking each file for it, along with checking for all the older viruses. However, unlike scam artists, viruses never completely fade away. Their signatures remain part of the master version of all virus signatures.
Suppose a scam artist was at your front door. What would you do? Perhaps you’d not encourage them to come in nor buy their product but, at the same time, you’d try not to upset them. You’d politely listen to their story and then send them on their way. After you closed the door, you may call the police or the telephone number given in the report that initially brought them to your attention.
With viruses, you often have the chance to react to them when they’ve been discovered on your home computer. Depending upon the specific characteristics of the virus, you might be able to clean the infected file. Or you might be forced to destroy the file and load a new copy from your backups or original distribution media. Your options depend upon your choice of anti-virus program and the virus that’s been detected.
In your living space, you look at those who come to your door and you look at what you receive in the mail. These are two of the ways that items can get into your living space, so you examine them, sometimes closely, sometimes not.
Viruses can reach your computer in many ways, through floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email, web sites, and downloaded files. All need to be checked for viruses each time you use them. In other words, when you insert a floppy disk into the drive, check it for viruses. When you receive email, check it for viruses (remember to use the KRESV tests described in Task 3 - Use Care When Reading Email with Attachments). When you download a file from the Internet, check it for viruses before using it. Your anti-virus program may let you specify all of these as places to check for viruses each time you operate on them. Your anti-virus program may also do this automatically. All you need to do is to open or run the file to cause it to be checked.
Just as you walk around your living space to see if everything is OK, you also need to “walk” around your home computer to see if there are any viruses lurking about. Most anti-virus programs let you schedule periodic exams of all files on your home computer on a regular basis, daily for example. If you leave your computer turned on over night, think about scheduling a full-system review during that time.
Some anti-virus programs have more advanced features that extend their recognition capabilities beyond virus signatures. Sometimes a file won’t match any of the known signatures, but it may have some of the characteristics of a virus. This is comparable to getting that “there’s something not quite right here, so I’m not going to let them in” feeling as you greet someone at your door. These heuristic tests, as they’re called, help you to keep up with new viruses that aren’t yet defined in your list of virus signatures.
An anti-virus program is frequently an add-on to your home computer, though your newly purchased computer might include a trial version. At some point, say after 60 days, you must purchase it to continue using it. To decide whether to make that purchase or to look elsewhere, use these steps for evaluating anti-virus programs:
The Demand test: Can you check a file on demand, for example, when you want to send an attachment as part of the KRESV tests?
The Update test: Can you update the virus signatures automatically? Daily is best.
The Respond test: What are all the ways that you can respond to an infected file? Can the virus checker clean a file?
The Check test: Can you check every file that gets to your home computer, no matter how it gets there, and can those checks be automated?
The Heuristics test: Does the virus checker do heuristics tests? How are these defined?
These tests – the DURCH tests – help you compare anti-virus programs. Once you’ve made your selection, install it and use all of its capabilities all of the time.
Intruders are the most successful in attacking all computers – not just home computers – when they use viruses and worms. Installing an anti-virus program and keeping it up to date is among the best defenses for your home computer. If your financial resources are limited, they are better spent purchasing a commercial anti-virus program than anything else.
Use a Checklist to help you think anti-virus issues.
Example: Operating an Anti-Virus Program.
Task 2 - Keep Your System Patched
If one of your appliances broke, you’d probably try to have it repaired. You’d call a repairperson whom you hope could do the job. You’d get an estimate and then you’d either get it fixed or replace it. Your goal is to somehow restore the functions that the appliance provides.
What do you do when a software “appliance” – a program – or the operating system itself breaks? How do you restore the functions that they provide? Do you know whom to call or even where to look to determine what to do next?
Most vendors provide patches that are supposed to fix bugs in their products. Frequently these patches do what they’re supposed to do. However, sometimes a patch fixes one problem but causes another. For example, did you ever have a repairperson fix an appliance but in the process, they scratched the floor or damaged a countertop during their visit? For a computer, the repair cycle might have to be repeated until a patch completely fixes a problem.
Vendors often provide free patches on their web sites. When you purchase programs, it’s a good idea to see if and how the vendor supplies patches, and if and how they provide a way to ask questions about their products. Just as appliance vendors often sell extended warranties for their products, some software vendors may also sell support for theirs.
Have you ever received a recall notice for your car or another product you’ve purchased? Vendors send these notices to product owners when a safety-related problem has been discovered. Registering your purchase through the warranty card gives the vendor the information they need to contact you if there is a recall.
Program vendors also provide a recall-like service. You can receive patch notices through email by subscribing to mailing lists operated by the programs’ vendors. Through this type of service, you can learn about problems with your computer even before you discover them and, hopefully, before intruders have the chance to exploit them. Consult the vendor’s web site to see how to get email notices about patches as soon as they’re available.
Some vendors have gone beyond mailing lists. They provide programs bundled with their systems that automatically contact their web sites looking for patches specifically for your home computer. These automatic updates tell you when patches are available, download them, and even install them. You can tailor the update features to do only want you want, such as just telling you something new is waiting but doing nothing more.
While the patching process is getting easier, even to the point where it can be completely automated, it is not yet foolproof. In some cases, installing a patch can cause another seemingly unrelated program to break. The challenge is to do as much homework as you can to learn what a patch is supposed to do and what problems it might cause once you’ve installed it.
This is a hard job. Often, the vendors don’t tell you about problems their patches can cause. Why? Because it is simply impossible to test all possible programs with all possible patches to discover unexpected side effects. Imagine doing that job and then continuing to do that for each new program and patch that comes along. Vendors rely on their customers to tell them when something unexpected happens once a patch is installed. So, if this happens to you, let them know.
Imagine then that you’ve either found a patch on the vendor’s site or you’ve received notice that a patch is available. What do you do next? Follow the steps below to evaluate a patch before you install it:
The Affected test: Does this patch affect one of the programs on your computer? If it doesn’t affect your computer, you’re done. Whew!
The Break test: Can you tell from the vendor’s web site or the patch’s description if installing it breaks something else that you care about? If installation does break something, then you have to decide how to proceed. Try notifying the vendor of the program that might break to learn what their strategy is for addressing this problem. Also, use your web browser to learn if anyone else has experienced this problem and what he or she did about it.
The Undo test: Can you undo the patch? That is, can you restore your computer to the way it was before you installed the patch? Currently, vendors are building most patches with an uninstall feature that enables you to remove a patch that has unwanted consequences. In addition, some computers also come with features that help you restore them to a previously known and working state should there be a problem. You need to know what your computer provides so that you can undo a patch if necessary.
Recall from the Introduction that intruders exploit vulnerabilities to gain access to home computers. How do intruders find out about these vulnerabilities? In many cases, they read the same vendor mailing lists and use the same automatic notification schemes that you use. This means that you need to evaluate and install patches on your home computer as soon as they’re available. The longer a vulnerability is known, the greater the chances are that an intruder will find it on your home computer and exploit it. With the ABU tests, you can quickly evaluate and install patches to keep intruders off your home computer.
One last thing: patches are usually distributed as programs. This means that you need to use the DCAL steps described in Task 7 - Use Care When Downloading and Installing Programs before loading and installing a patch. Intruders often take advantage of vulnerabilities wherever they may be. In many cases, the vulnerabilities they exploit may have patches, but those patches were not installed. For your home computer, make time to keep your programs patched wherever possible. If you can’t patch a program, shop around for an equivalent program and use it until the original program is fixed or you’ve abandoned it in favor of something more reliable.
You can spend money on maintenance where you get patches for programs, but that’s usually not necessary. Since most vendors provide free patches, mailing lists, and automatic updates, keeping your computer patched usually only costs you time.
Use a Worksheet to record your important patch information.
Example: Installing Patches.
Task 3 - Use Care When Reading Email with Attachments
We’ve all heard stories about people receiving an item in the mail that in some way caused them harm. We’ve heard of letter bombs and exploding packages, and in 2001, we learned about Anthrax-laden letters. Although their frequency is low, they do make news.
These unsolicited items are sent to unsuspecting recipients. They may contain a return address, a provocative envelope, or something else that encourages its receiver to open it. This technique is called social engineering. Because we are trusting and curious, social engineering is often effective.
In the case of the Anthrax letters addressed to United States senators, the envelopes contained a school’s return address as an inducement to open them. What government official wouldn’t want to serve their constituency by reading and responding to a letter supposedly sent by a class at a school, especially an elementary school? By opening the letter and subsequently spreading its lethal contents, the recipient complied with the wishes of the sender, a key foundation of social engineering. In the pre-Anthrax letter days, a mail handler might have given little thought to the contents of the letter or the validity of the return address. Those days are behind us.
You probably receive lots of mail each day, much of it unsolicited and containing unfamiliar but plausible return addresses. Some of this mail uses social engineering to tell you of a contest that you may have won or the details of a product that you might like. The sender is trying to encourage you to open the letter, read its contents, and interact with them in some way that is financially beneficial – to them. Even today, many of us open letters to learn what we’ve won or what fantastic deal awaits us. Since there are few consequences, there’s no harm in opening them.
Email-borne viruses and worms operate much the same way, except there are consequences, sometimes significant ones. Malicious email often contains a return address of someone we know and often has a provocative Subject line. This is social engineering at its finest – something we want to read from someone we know.
Email viruses and worms are fairly common. If you’ve not received one, chances are you will. Here are steps you can use to help you decide what to do with every email message with an attachment that you receive. You should only read a message that passes all of these tests.
The Know test: Is the email from someone that you know?
The Received test: Have you received email from this sender before?
The Expect test: Were you expecting email with an attachment from this sender?
The Sense test: Does email from the sender with the contents as described in the Subject line and the name of the attachment(s) make sense? For example, would you expect the sender – let’s say your Mother – to send you an email message with the Subject line “Here you have, ;o)” that contains a message with attachment – let’s say AnnaKournikova.jpg.vbs? A message like that probably doesn’t make sense. In fact, it happens to be an instance of the Anna Kournikova worm, and reading it can damage your system.
The Virus test: Does this email contain a virus? To determine this, you need to install and use an anti-virus program. That task is described in Task 1 - Install and Use Anti-Virus Programs.
You should apply these five tests – KRESV – to every piece of email with an attachment that you receive. If any test fails, toss that email. If they all pass, then you still need to exercise care and watch for unexpected results as you read it.
Now, given the KRESV tests, imagine that you want to send email with an attachment to someone with whom you’ve never corresponded – what should you do? Here’s a set of steps to follow to begin an email dialogue with someone.
Since the recipient doesn’t already Know you, you need to send them an introductory email. It must not contain an attachment. Basically, you’re introducing yourself and asking their permission to send email with an attachment that they may otherwise be suspicious of. Tell them who you are, what you’d like to do, and ask for permission to continue.
This introductory email qualifies as the mail Received from you.
Hopefully, they’ll respond; and if they do, honor their wishes. If they choose not to receive email with an attachment from you, don’t send one. If you never hear from them, try your introductory email one more time.
If they accept your offer to receive email with an attachment, send it off. They will Know you and will have Received email from you before. They will also Expect this email with an attachment, so you’ve satisfied the first three requirements of the KRESV tests.
Whatever you send should make Sense to them. Don’t use a provocative Subject line or any other social engineering practice to encourage them to read your email.
Check the attachments for Viruses. This is again based on having virus-checking programs, and we’ll discuss that later.
The KRESV tests help you focus on the most important issues when sending and receiving email with attachments. Use it every time you send email, but be aware that there is no foolproof scheme for working with email, or security in general. You still need to exercise care. While an anti-virus program alerts you to many viruses that may find their way to your home computer, there will always be a lag between when a virus is discovered and when anti-virus program vendors provide the new virus signature. This means that you shouldn’t rely entirely on your anti-virus programs. You must continue to exercise care when reading email.
Use a checklist to help you make decisions about opening email attachments.
Task 4 - Install and Use a Firewall Program
This section describes a firewall, its importance to your home computer strategy, and a way to think about the job you need to do. We’re going to depart from our “computer-is-like-a-house-and-the-things-in-it” analogy to use another that you are probably also familiar with: an office building.
Have you ever visited a business where you first stopped at the reception desk to interact with a security guard? That guard’s job is to assess everybody who wishes to enter or leave the building to decide if they should continue on or be stopped. The guard keeps the unwanted out and permits only appropriate people and objects to enter and leave the business’s premises.
Let’s dig deeper into this analogy. When someone enters a building, the security guard usually greets them. If they have an appropriate identification badge, they show it to the guard or swipe it through a reader. If all is OK, they pass through the guard’s checkpoint. However, if something’s wrong or if they are a visitor, they must first stop at the guard desk.
The guard asks whom they wish to see. The guard may also ask for identification such as a driver’s license or their company ID. The guard reviews the list of expected guests to see if this person is approved to visit the party in question. If the guard decides everything is all right, the visitor may pass. The visitor usually signs a logbook with their name, the company they represent, whom they are seeing, and the time of day.
On a computer, the firewall acts much like a guard when it looks at network traffic destined for or received from another computer. The firewall determines if that traffic should continue on to its destination or be stopped. The firewall “guard” is important because it keeps the unwanted out and permits only appropriate traffic to enter and leave the computer.
To do this job, the firewall has to look at every piece of information – every packet – that tries to enter or leave a computer. Each packet is labeled with where it came from and where it wants to go. Some packets are allowed to go anywhere (the employee with the ID badge) while others can only go to specific places (visitors for a specific person). If the firewall allows the packet to proceed (being acceptable according to the rules), it moves the packet on its way to the destination. In most cases, the firewall records where the packet came from, where it’s going, and when it was seen. For people entering a building, this is similar to the ID card system keeping track of who enters or the visitor signing the visitor’s log.
The building’s guard may do a few more tasks before deciding that the person can pass. If the person is a visitor and is not on the visitors list, the guard calls the employee being visited to announce the visitor’s arrival and to ask if they may pass. If the employee accepts the visitor, they may proceed. The guard may also give the visitor a badge that identifies them as a visitor. That badge may limit where in the building they can go and indicate if they need to be escorted. Finally, no matter whether the person is a visitor or an employee, the guard may inspect their briefcase or computer case before they pass.
The firewall can also check whether a given packet should pass, allowing the computer’s user to respond to unanticipated network traffic (just as the guard does with the unexpected visitor). Individual packets can be allowed to pass, or the firewall can be changed to allow all future packets of the same type to pass. Some firewalls have advanced capabilities that make it possible to direct packets to a different destination and perhaps even have their contents concealed inside other packets (similar to the visitor being escorted). Finally, firewalls can filter packets based not only on their point of origin or destination, but also on their content (inspecting the briefcase or computer case before being allowed to pass).
Back to the office building, when employees leave the building, they may also have to swipe their ID card to show that they’ve left. A visitor signs out and returns their temporary badge. Both may be subject to having their possessions inspected before being allowed to leave.
Firewalls can also recognize and record when a computer-to-computer connection ends. If the connection was temporary (like a visitor), the firewall rules can change to deny future similar connections until the system’s user authorizes them (just as visitors must re-identify themselves and be re-approved by an employee). Finally, outgoing connections can also be filtered according to content (again, similar to inspecting possessions at the exit).
What does this all mean? It means that with a firewall, you can control which packets are allowed to enter your home computer and which are allowed to leave. That’s the easy part.
The hard part is deciding the details about the packets that are allowed to enter and exit your home computer. If your firewall supports content filtering, you also need to learn which content to allow and which not to allow. To help you get a handle on this harder task, let’s return to our security guard analogy.
Imagine that you are that security guard and it’s your first day on the job. You have to decide who’s allowed in, who’s allowed out, and what people can bring into and take out of the building. How do you do this?
One strategy is to be very conservative: let no one in or out and let no possessions in or out. This is very simple, very easy to achieve, but not particularly helpful to the business if none of its employees or visitors can get in or out. Nor is it helpful if they can’t bring anything with them. With this type of strategy, your tenure as a security guard may be short-lived.
If you try this, you quickly learn that you need to change your strategy to allow people in and out only if they have acceptable identification and possessions using some agreed-to criteria. Add the requirement that if you don’t meet the precise criteria for admittance, you don’t get in.
With most firewalls, you can do the same thing. You can program your firewall to let nothing in and nothing out. Period. This is a deny-all firewall strategy and it does work, though it effectively disconnects you from the Internet. It is impractical for most home computers.
You can do what the security guard did: review each packet (employee or visitor) to see where it’s coming from and where it’s going. Some firewall products let you easily review each packet so that you can decide what to do with it. When you are shopping for a firewall, look for this review feature because it can be quite helpful. Practically speaking, it isn’t easy to decide which traffic is all right and which is not all right. Any feature that makes this job easier helps you achieve your goal of securing your home computer.
Just like the security guard who learns that anybody with a company photo ID is allowed to pass, you too can create firewall rules that allow traffic to pass without reviewing each packet each time. For example, you may choose to allow your Internet browsers to visit any web site. This rule would define the source of that traffic to be your browsers (Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer, for example) and the destination location to be any web server. This means that anybody using your home computer could visit any Internet web site, as long as that web server used the well-known standard locations.
Now that you have an idea of what your firewall security guard is trying to do, you need a method for gathering information and programming your firewall. Here is a set of steps to use to do just that:
The Program test: What’s the program that wants to make a connection to the Internet? Although many programs may need to make the same type of connection to the same Internet destination, you need to know the name of each. Avoid general rules that allow all programs to make a connection. This often results in unwanted and unchecked behavior.
The Location test: What’s the Internet location of the computer system to which your computer wants to connect? Locations consist of an address and a port number. Sometimes a program is allowed to connect to any Internet location, such as a web browser connecting to any web server. Again, you want to limit programs so that they only connect to specific locations where possible.
The Allowed test: Is this connection allowed or denied? Your firewall rules will contain some of each.
The Temporary test: Is this connection temporary or permanent? For example, if you’re going to connect to this specific location more than five times each time you use the computer, you probably want to make the connection permanent. This means that you ought to add a rule to your firewall rules. If you aren’t going to make this connection often, you should define it as temporary.
With each connection, apply the PLAT tests to get the information you need to build a firewall rule. The answer to the PLAT tests tells you if you need to include a new firewall rule for this new connection. For most firewall programs, you can temporarily allow a connection but avoid making it permanent by not including it in your rules. Where possible, allow only temporary connections.
As you run each program on your home computer, you’ll learn how it uses the Internet. Slowly you’ll begin to build the set of rules that define what traffic is allowed into and out of your computer. By only letting in and out what you approve and denying all else, you will strike a practical balance between allowing everything and allowing nothing in or out.
Along the way, you may come across exceptions to your rules. For example, you might decide that anybody who uses your home computer can visit any web site except a chosen few web sites. This is analogous to the security guard letting every employee pass except a few who need more attention first.
To do this with firewall rules, the exception rules must be listed before the general rules. For example, this means that the web sites whose connections are not allowed must be listed before the rules that allow all connections to any web site.
Why? Most firewall programs search their rules starting from the first through the last. When the firewall finds a rule that matches the packet being examined, the firewall honors it, does what the rule says, and looks no further. For example, if the firewall finds the general rule allowing any web site connections first, it honors this rule and doesn’t look further for rules that might deny such a connection. So, the order of firewall rules is important.
Many firewalls can be programmed to require a password before changing the rules. This extra level of protection safeguards against unwanted changes no matter their source, that is, you, an intruder, or another user. Follow the guidance in Task 6 - Use Strong Passwords when assigning a password to your firewall.
Finally, make a backup of your firewall rules. You’ve probably taken a lot of time to build and tune them to match how your home computer is used. These rules are important to your computer’s security, so back them up using the guidance in Task 5 - Make Backups of Important Files and Folders.
Firewalls come in two general types: hardware and software (programs). The software versions also come in two types: free versions and commercial versions (ones that you purchase). At a minimum, you should use one of the free versions on your home computer. This is especially important if you have a laptop that you connect to your home network as well as a network at a hotel, a conference, or your office.
If you can afford a hardware firewall, you should install one of these too. We’ve recommended this as something to do later. (Firewall programs are Task 4 on our list of recommended actions, and hardware firewalls are Task 8.) The same issues apply to the hardware versions that apply to the software versions. Many can also be password protected against unwanted changes. Search the Internet with your browser to see what’s available and what they cost. The price of hardware firewalls is coming down as the demand grows.
A firewall is your security guard that stands between your home computer and the Internet. It lets you control which traffic your computer accepts. It also controls which of your programs can connect to the Internet. With a firewall, you define which connections between your computer and other computers on the Internet are allowed and which are denied. There are free firewall products that provide the capabilities you need to secure your home computer. Commercial versions have even more features that can further protect your computer.
Firewalls are an important part of your home computer’s security defenses
Use a worksheet to record your firewall decisions.
Example: Operating a Firewall Program.
Task 5 - Make Backups of Important Files and Folders
Whether you know it or not, you’ve divided everything you own into two broad categories: those items you can replace and those you can’t. For the items you can’t replace, you’ve probably stored them in a safe place, either somewhere in your living space or elsewhere, in a lockbox at a bank, for example. In either case, you’ve probably also bought insurance that provides the funds you’d need to buy replacements. Your insurance policy covers almost everything you own.
On your home computer, have you similarly divided everything into the same categories? What have you done about the items – files in this case – that you can’t replace? Examples are the files that make up your checking account records, that novel you’ve been writing for the past few years, and those pictures you took last summer with your digital camera. What happens if your computer malfunctions or is destroyed by a successful attacker? Are those files gone forever?
Now think about your car for a moment. Do you have a spare tire? Is it inflated? When was the last time you used it? Can you imagine buying a car without a spare tire? Even if you bought a used car without a spare, how soon did you buy a spare so that you’d have one when you needed it?
Think back to your home computer. Do you have a “spare tire,” meaning a way to continue computing when you have a “blowout” caused by a malfunction or an intruder? Said another way, can you back up your files onto some other media so that you can recover them if you need to? If you’d never buy a car without a spare tire, why did you buy a computer without a device to back up your files?
When deciding what to do about backing up files on your computer, ask these questions:
The Files question: What files should you back up? The files you select are those that you can neither easily recreate nor reinstall from somewhere else, such as the CD-ROMs or the floppy disks that came with your computer.
Be realistic. That check register you printed does not constitute a backup from which you can easily recreate the files needed by your checking account program. You’re probably not going to re-enter all that data if the files are destroyed. Just as you protect your irreplaceable valuables, back up the files you cannot replace, easily or otherwise.
The Often question: How often should you back them up? In the best of all cases, you should back up a file every time it changes. If you don’t, you’ll have to reintroduce all the changes that happened since your last backup. Just as you store your precious jewelry in a lockbox at the local bank lest the lucky robber find it in your jewelry box, you need to store your files safely (back them up) after every use (change in the file) lest an intruder destroys the file or there’s a system catastrophe.
The Media question: Where should you back them up to; that is, what media should you use to hold backed up files? The answer is: whatever you have. It’s a question of how many of that media you have to use and how convenient it is. For example, most computers have a floppy disk drive. You could back up your irreplaceable files to floppies. That process just takes lots of time and may not be as convenient as using another media. Larger capacity removable disk drives and writable CD-ROMs also work well, take less time, and are more convenient.
If you don’t have a backup device, there are alternatives. There are Internet services that let you back up your files to another Internet computer. Some of these services provide “transparent access” to the backups. That is, they look like another hard drive attached to your computer. You use the file copy scheme that your computer provides to back up files and recover them from backed up storage. To find these services, do some Internet searches using your browser.
Remember that the information you transfer across the Internet could be viewed and captured by others; that is, the information is in the clear. Be sensitive to that if you use an Internet-based backup computer. In addition, you need to be able to trust the information when you recover a file from that service.
The Store question: Where should you store that media once it contains your backed up files? No matter how you back up your files, you need to be concerned about where those backed up copies live.
You already know that intruders try to break into your home computer to gain access to your files and your computer’s resources. Another way to gain access to the same information is by stealing your backups. It is more difficult, though, since a robber must physically be where your backups are, whereas an intruder can access your home computer from literally anywhere in the world. The key is to know where the media is that contains your backed up files.
Just like important papers stored in a fireproof container at your house, you also need to be concerned about your backups being destroyed if your living space is destroyed or damaged. This means that you ought to keep a copy of your backed up files in a fireproof container or somewhere beyond your living space, your office for example. It is the eternal compromise between security and usability. If you need to recover a file and the backed up copies are at the office, that’s inconvenient. However, while storing them at home is more convenient and more usable, they share the same risks that your computer faces should your living space be destroyed. Be aware of the issues and make a conscious decision, perhaps keeping copies in both places.
If you have that spare tire for your car or a lockbox for your valuables, you’ve already planned for the worst that can happen around your living space. Continue that good practice by backing up your critical files onto media that you can safely store elsewhere. Do those backups often enough that you can capture the changes you’ve made. With the FOMS questions, you have a structured approach to use to back up your critical files. You’ve now planned for the worst.
As you computerize the routine aspects of your daily life, making backup copies of important files and folders becomes critical. Even if you can’t store the backup copies in a fireproof container or somewhere outside your home, make backups anyway. Any backup is better than none.
Use a worksheet to record your important information about backups.
Task 6 - Use Strong Passwords
Your living space has doors and windows, and perhaps most of the time they’re locked. For each lock that uses a key, chances are that each key is different. You know to lock up and not to share the keys with strangers, and probably not with most of your friends. You should not hide keys under the mat or in a flowerpot on your front porch.
Passwords for computers are much the same. For each computer and service you use (online purchasing, for example), you should have a password. Each password should be unique and unrelated to any of your other passwords. You shouldn’t write them down nor should you share them with anyone, even your best friends.
Take a look at your front door key. It’s pretty complicated. There are lots of notches and grooves. If there weren’t so many possible variations, a thief could easily make a key for every possible combination and then try each on your front door. This trial-and-error method, (for computers, called brute force) is likely to be effective even if it takes a long time. Nonetheless, no matter how complicated, if the thief gets hold of your key, he or she can copy it and use that copy to open your door.
A password can also be complicated. Most schemes let you use any combination of letters, both upper and lower case, and numbers; and some also let you use punctuation marks. Lengths can vary. You can create a password to be as complicated as you want. The key (no pun intended) is to be able to remember this password whenever you need it without having to write it down to jog your memory.
Like the thief at your door, computer intruders also use trial-and-error, or brute-force techniques, to discover passwords. By bombarding a login scheme with all the words in a dictionary, they may “discover” the password that unlocks it. If they know something about you, such as your spouse’s name, the kind of car you drive, or your interests, clever intruders can narrow the range of possible passwords and try those first. They are often successful. Even slight variations, such as adding a digit onto the end of a word or replacing the letter o (oh) with the digit 0 (zero), don’t protect passwords. Intruders know we use tricks like this to make our passwords more difficult to guess.
Just like the front door key, even a complicated password can be copied and the copy reused. Remember the earlier discussion about information on the Internet being in the clear? Suppose that really strong password you took a long time to create – the one that’s 14 characters long and contains 6 letters, 4 numbers, and 4 punctuation marks, all in random order – goes across the Internet in the clear. An intruder may be able to see it, save it, and use it. This is called sniffing and it is a common intruder practice.
The point is that you need to follow the practice of using a unique password with every account you have. Below is a set of steps that you can use to help you create passwords for your accounts:
The Strong test: Is the password as strong (meaning length and content) as the rules allow?
The Unique test: Is the password unique and unrelated to any of your other passwords?
The Practical test: Can you remember it without having to write it down?
The Recent test: Have you changed it recently?
In spite of the SUPR tests, you need to be aware that sniffing happens, and even the best of passwords can be captured and used by an intruder.
You should use passwords not only on your home computer but also for services you use elsewhere on the Internet. All should have the strongest passwords you can use and remember, and each password should be unique and unrelated to all other passwords. A strong password is a password that is longer than it is short, that uses combinations of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and punctuation, and that is usually not a word found in a dictionary. Also remember that no matter how strong a password is, it can still be captured if an intruder can see it “in the clear” somewhere on the Internet. (See the Information in the Clear section.)
Use a worksheet to help you manage your passwords.
Task 7 - Use Care When Downloading and Installing Programs
When you buy an appliance, you give little thought to it doing you or your house any harm. Why? Because there are organizations like Underwriters Laboratories that set standards and certify products. When you see a certifier’s label, you have more confidence that a product will be safer than a competing product that does not carry the same label. You’re willing to accept the risk because you believe the product has met some standards and has been certified by a respected authority.
Unfortunately, the Internet is not the same. There are neither standards nor many certification organizations. Anyone who writes a program can distribute it through any means available, such as through the web or by sending you a copy. Speaking of that, have you ever received a CD-ROM in the mail? How do you know that it contains what the label says? The answer is: you don’t know. More importantly, it’s difficult to know.
No matter how you acquire a program, it runs on your computer at the mercy of the program’s author. Anything, any operation, any task that you can do, this program can also do. If you’re allowed to remove any file, the program can too. If you can send email, the program can too. If you can install or remove a program, the program can too. Anything you can do, the intruder can do also, through the program you’ve just installed and run.
Sometimes there’s no explanation of what a program is supposed to do or what it actually does. There may be no user’s guide. There may be no way to contact the author. You’re on your own, trying to weigh a program’s benefits against the risk of the harm that it might cause.
What’s the problem you’re trying to solve here? You are trying to determine if the program you’ve just found satisfies your needs (say it provides a service that you want or you’re just experimenting) without causing harm to your computer and ultimately the information you have on the computer. How do you decide if a program is what it says it is? How do you gauge the risk to you and your computer by running this program?
You address these same risk issues when you purchase an appliance; you may just not have realized that’s what you were doing. When you make that purchase, you buy from either a local store you know or a national chain with an established reputation. If there’s a problem with your purchase, you can take it back to the store and exchange it or get your money back. If it causes you harm, you can seek relief through the legal system. The reputation of the merchant, the refund/return policy, and the availability of the legal system reduce your risk to a point where you make the purchase.
Apply these same practices when you buy a program. You should
Learn as much as you can about the product and what it does before you purchase it.
Understand the refund/return policy before you make your purchase.
Buy from a local store that you already know or a national chain with an established reputation.
Presently, it is not as clear what the legal system’s role is for a program that causes harm or does not work as advertised. In the meantime, the LUB practices are a good first step.
Today’s Internet has a feature that standard products don’t have, or at least have but to a lesser extent. This feature is free programs. There is a multitude of free programs available for all types of systems, with more available each day. The challenge is to decide which programs deserve your confidence and are, therefore, worth the risk of installing and running on your home computer.
So then, how do you decide if a program is worth it? To decide if you should install and run a program on your home computer, follow these steps:
The Do test: What does the program do? You should be able to read a clear description of what the program does. This description could be on the web site where you can download it or on the CD-ROM you use to install it. You need to realize that that if the program was written with malicious intent, the author/intruder isn’t going to tell you that the program will harm your system. They will probably try to mislead you. So, learn what you can, but consider the source and consider whether you can trust that information.
The Changes test: What files are installed and what other changes are made on your system when you install and run the program? Again, to do this test, you may have to ask the author/intruder how their program changes your system. Consider the source.
The Author test: Who is the author? (Can you use email, telephone, letter, or some other means to contact them?) Once you get this information, use it to try to contact them to verify that the contact information works. Your interactions with them may give you more clues about the program and its potential effects on your computer and you.
The Learn test: Has anybody else used this program, and what can you learn from him or her? Try some Internet searches using your web browser. Somebody has probably used this program before you, so learn what you can before you install it.
If you can’t determine these things – the DCAL tests for short – about the program you’d like to install, then strongly consider whether it’s worth the risk. Only you can decide what’s best. Whatever you do, be prepared to rebuild your computer from scratch in case the program goes awry and destroys it. Task 5 - Make Backups of Important Files and Folders tells you how to make a copy of your important information should you need it.
Your anti-virus program prevents some of the problems caused by downloading and installing programs. However, you need to remember that there’s a lag between recognizing a virus and when your computer also knows about it. Even if that nifty program you’ve just downloaded doesn’t contain a virus, it may behave in an unexpected way. You should continue to exercise care and do your homework when downloading, installing, and running new programs.
Use a worksheet to record important information about programs you install on your computer.
Task 8 - Install and Use a Hardware Firewall
Complement your firewall program by installing a hardware firewall. Together, these two firewalls stand between your home computer and the Internet. This is another place where your money is well spent.
Please go to Task 4 - Install and Use a Firewall Program to learn more about firewalls. That section concentrates primarily on firewall programs, but much of the information applies to hardware firewalls as well. To find out what hardware firewall products are available, search the Internet with your web browser.
Use a worksheet to record the ruleset for your hardware firewall.
Task 9 - Install and Use a File Encryption Program and Access Controls
Let’s return to your living space and our original analogy. Think about your checkbook, your insurance policies, perhaps your birth certificate or passport, and other important documents you have at home. Where are they? They’re probably stored in a filing cabinet or a safe, either of which that can be or is routinely locked. Why do you store these important items in a locked container?
Without realizing it, you are satisfying one of the three components of information security – confidentiality. Confidentiality means keeping secrets secret. Only those who are supposed to see that information should have access to it. You are keeping information sensitive to you and others away from those who should not be able to get to it, for example a family member or an intruder. By the way, the other two components of information security are integrity (Has my information changed?) and availability (Can I get to my information whenever I need it?).
You further protect information confidentiality when you enforce it by using an access control device, namely the lock on your filing cabinet or safe. This device stands between the information and those seeking access, and it grants access to all who have the combination, the key, or whatever tool unlocks the container. When several layers of access control devices are used (called “defense in depth”) – you might also find that these containers are themselves in locked rooms. Would-be intruders must pass through several levels of protection before finally gaining access to the information they seek.
Now, think back to your home computer. The problem is to control access to files and folders. The access control device here is the access control list or ACL. ACLs define who can perform actions on a file or folder: reading and writing, for example. ACLs are equivalent to a locked filing cabinet for paper documents.
Different computer systems provide different types of ACLs. Some have fine-grained controls while others have virtually none. The key is to use all the controls that are available on your computer.
Frequently, vendors define ACLs that are overly permissive. This satisfies their need to ensure that access limitations don’t get in the way of using their systems. Your challenge is to tighten those ACLs so that they properly restrict access to only those who need access. This means that you need to modify the ACLs from the settings set by the vendor. We’ll talk more about how to do this shortly.
Returning to the home environment, do you remember a time when adults in your house wanted to say something to one another in front of their children but in such a way that the children couldn’t understand what was being said? Perhaps they spelled their message or used Pig Latin (ig-pay Atin-lay) to conceal the meaning. This worked for a while, until the children learned to spell or could otherwise understand what was being said. What’s really happening here?
Very simply, the adults could not control who could hear their conversation. It was inconvenient or perhaps impossible for them to go to another room where they couldn’t be heard. They had to talk in a way that only those who knew the concealing scheme could understand what was being said.
On a computer, when access to information can’t be limited, such for an e-commerce transaction over the Internet, that information is concealed through a mathematical process called encryption. Encryption transforms information from one form (readable text) to another (encrypted text). Its intent is to hide information from those who have neither the transformation method nor the particulars (the decryption keys) to transform the encrypted text into readable text. The encrypted text appears to be gibberish and remains so for people who don’t have the scheme and the keys.
Back on the home front, the children eventually learned how to spell and perhaps also learned the trick to using Pig Latin. They can now understand the conversations the adults are having. While they could also understand the conversations held weeks, months, or even years before, the information in those conversations is no longer important. The encryption scheme – spelling or Pig Latin – is strong enough to guard the information during its useful lifetime.
Computer-based encryption schemes must also withstand the test of time. For example, if a credit card encryption scheme needs six months of computer time to break, the resulting clear text credit card number is probably still valid and, therefore, useful to an intruder. In this case, the encryption scheme isn’t strong enough to guard the information for its entire useful lifetime.
So, to guard paper or computer files, you need to limit who has access to them by using the access control devices, whether filing cabinets and safes for paper or access control lists for information on a computer system. For assets whose access cannot be sufficiently limited, you need to encrypt them strongly enough so that the time it takes to decrypt them is longer than their useful life.
Now, what can you do?
First, if more than one person uses your computer, you can adjust the ACLs that control access to sensitive files and folders. Your goal is to allow the correct type of access to the files and folders that each user needs, and nothing more. The steps below help you to decide how to adjust the ACLs for files and folders:
The Who test: Who – which users – need access to files besides you?
The Access test: What type of access do they need? Read? Write?
The Files/Folders test: Which files and folders need special access? Just like your firewall rules, your general policy should be to limit access to only you first, and then grant access beyond that where needed.
By applying the WAF tests, you can limit access to sensitive files on your computer to only those who need it.
Setting proper ACLs is not a trivial task. Be prepared to repeat it a few times until you get it right for the way your computer is used. It’s worth the time spent, but know that it may take longer than you expect.
For very sensitive files and for files that are on a laptop, don’t rely solely on file and folder ACLs. You need to go further and use encryption.
Some vendors provide encryption with their systems right from the start. This means that all you have to do is follow the vendor’s instructions on how to use those features, but be certain to use them.
On systems where encryption is not included, you need to install additional encryption programs. For encryption programs that you download from the Internet, be sure to follow the instructions in Task 7 - Use Care When Downloading and Installing Programs. Also follow the instructions in Task 6 - Use Strong Passwords for additional guidance on passwords required by encryption programs.
There are free and commercial encryption programs, and in most cases, the free versions suffice. However, commercial programs may provide more features and may keep up better with newer and, therefore, stronger encryption methods. If you rely on a laptop computer, you should consider purchasing a commercial file encryption programs.
Whether paper files around your living space or files and folders on your computer, limit access where you can. On your computer, use encryption programs either when you can’t restrict access to the extent that you’d like or when you want even more security protecting your computer files and folders.
Use a worksheet to record information about the files you encrypt and the access controls you set.
Example: Adjusting Access Control Lists.
Summary
Growing up, you learn many of the things you need to know about how to operate and care for a car by sitting in the back seat while adults drive and care for their vehicles. Similarly, you learn many of the things you need to know about how to care for and maintain a home by watching what is done to the one where you live. It is a slow, gradual process, so slow in fact you are probably unaware that you are learning the skills you need to do these same jobs yourself.
You don’t have that same luxury of time to learn how to care for and operate your home computer. When you attach it to the Internet for the first time, it instantly becomes a target for intruders. You need to be ready right from the start.
As you grow up, you also learn that you need to spend time and money to repair and replace those things around your living space and your car that need your attention. You learn that you have to spend more time and more money to tailor them to meet your needs and to keep you and others safe during their use. You accept these responsibilities and their costs as part of the total cost of ownership of that car and living space.
Your home computer is much the same. There is the initial money that you pay to purchase that system. Then there are additional costs to tailor it and to keep you and the others who use your system safe. These additional costs are also your responsibility, and they are part of the total cost of ownership of your home computer.
This document helps you think about the problems you face when you have a home computer and gives you advice on how to address these problems. By taking the time to read this document, you know more about securing your home computer and the extra costs required to do this job. Do the tasks described here and share this document with your friends. We all benefit from a more secure Internet.
Additional Resources
Other resources on the topic of home computer security
Special Publication 800-46, Security for Telecommuting and Broadband Communications September 2002
Home Network Security
Stay Safe Online Other articles by Lawrence R. Rogers
File Cabinets and Pig Latin: Guards for Information Assets May 2002
Is There an Intruder in my Computer? February 2002
Internet: Friend or Foe? January 2002
Attack Scenarios: How to Get There from Here December 2001
Yesterday I Couldn’t Spell Administrator; Now I Am One! September 2001
Email: A Postcard Written in Pencil June 2001
Acknowledgements
This pamphlet was designed and written by Lawrence R. Rogers. It was edited by Linda Hutz Pesante. The graphic design and illustrations were created by David Biber. All work in the Networked Systems Survivability Program at Carnegie Mellon University’s Software Engineering Institute in Pittsburgh, PA.
This work was produced for FedCIRC and the General Services Administration by the CERT® Coordination Center, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University."CERT" and "CERT Coordination Center" are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

grammer

2007-12-09T20:30:00.000-08:00

Sentences
COMPOUND SENTENCE
is a sentence which contains two or more independent clauses.
A compound sentence is connected by using coordinating conjunctions, such as and, or, but, so.
e.g.:
I am repairing a computer and my brother is watching TV.
She likes fried chicken but I like pizza.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
is a sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause(s).
A complex sentence is connected by using subordinating conjunctions, such as when, while, if, although, because, as, after, before, until, or by using relative pronouns and relative adverbs, such as who, which, that, when, where.
These connective words can express time, cause, condition, concession (contrast), or identification.
e.g.:
They couldn't go out because it was raining cats and dogs.
When I came to her house, she was watering the flowers.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
is a sentence which contains one or more independent clause(s) and one or more dependent clause(s).
e.g.:
When I came to Susan's house, she was watering the flowers and her father was weeding the grass.
The man who stole my car was arrested, but her friend escaped.
Posted by HENDRO DARSONO at 3:02 PM 0 comments
Labels: Grammar
Friday, April 27, 2007

Morphemes
Definition of MorphemeMorpheme is the smallest linguistic unit which has a meaning or grammatical function. Some words are not composed of other morphemes, for example, car, spider, and race. But, they are also morpheme since they cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful parts.A morpheme may be represented by a single sound, a single syllable or more than one syllable.For example:Girl girl (one morpheme)Books book + -s (two morphemes)Underdevelopment under- + develop + -ment (three morphemes)Undesirability un- + desir (e) + -abl (e) + -ity ( four morphemes)A morpheme ( the minimal linguistics sign ) is thus a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.Kind of Morphemes:1. Free MorphemeMorpheme which are also words are called free morpheme since they can stand alone, such as boy, girl, and car.Types of free morpheme:-Lexical: Have semantic content and can be added to in the lexicon (open class)Verbs : sweepAdverb : extremelyAdjectives : enoughNouns : sand-Function words: Provide info about grammatical function and cannot be added to in the lexicon (closed class)Prepositions : on, in, atArticles : a, anConjuctions : eventhough, as if, soPronouns : he, she, itDemonstrative : this, thatInterjection : ugh, ah2.Bound MorphemeA morpheme which is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme.Affix is a bound morpheme which is added to a word and which changes the meaning or function of the word.Kinds of Affix:a. Prefixesbound morphemes which occur before other morphemes. For example, anti-, bi-, dis-, un-, non-, -re, etc.b. Infixesbound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes. For example, friggin, bloody.c. Suffixesbound morphemes which occur after other morphemes. For example, -able, -ful, -ation, -ship.Function of bound morphemesDerivational:Change the meaning or part of speechFor example, un- in unpleasant creates a new word with opposite meaning of pleasant.The suffix –ness in quickness, changes the part of speech of quick, an adjective into a noun, quickness.Inflectional :The morpheme which serve a purely grammatical function, never creating a new word but only different form of the same word such.For example, walk (verb) + ed = walked (verb).(Contributed by Mifta Azzahra)
Posted by HENDRO DARSONO at 3:00 PM 0 comments
Labels: Grammar
Sunday, April 22, 2007

Must & Have To
‘Must’dan ‘Have to’ artinya ‘harus’ dalam bahasa Indonesia. Dari sisi pemakaian, kedua kata ini memiliki sedikit perbedaan.‘Must’ digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu keharusan yang biasanya bersifat internal. Artinya, keharusan itu berasal atau datang dari dalam diri sendiri. Sementara itu, ‘have to’ digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu keharusan yang bersifat eksternal. Artinya, keharusan itu tidak datang dari diri sendiri, melainkan karena adanya faktor-faktor atau aturan-aturan dari luar diri yang mengharuskan kita melakukan sesuatu.Contoh:Sorry, I can’t come to your house. I must wash my father’s car.Sorry, I can’t come to your house. I have to wash my father’s car.Pada kalimat pertama, saya mencuci mobil ayah saya karena saya merasa itu kewajiban saya sendiri untuk membantu ayah saya. Pada kalimat kedua, terkandung makna bahwa saya mencuci mobil ayah saya bukan karena keharusan dari diri saya sendiri, tetapi karena ayah saya menyuruh saya melakukannya.Jika subjek kalimat bukan ’I’, itu berarti bahwa si pembicara mengharapkan atau memerintahkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu.Contoh:You must study hard.You must do your homework and submit it on time.
Posted by HENDRO DARSONO at 11:08 PM 1 comments
Labels: Grammar, vocabulary
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